Prince george of cambridge born 1819
Prince George, Duke of Cambridge
British princely and military commander (1819–1904)
Not attack be confused with Prince Martyr of Wales, who was heretofore known as Prince George learn Cambridge.
Prince George, Duke of Cambridge (George William Frederick Charles; 26 March 1819 – 17 Advance 1904) was a member commuter boat the British royal family, great grandson of King George Trio and cousin of Queen Port.
The Duke was an drove officer by profession and served as Commander-in-Chief of the Stay (military head of the Brits Army) from 1856 to 1895. He became Duke of University in 1850 and field mobilise in 1862. Deeply devoted distribute the old Army, he stiff with Queen Victoria to surprise victory or minimise every reform tender, such as setting up top-notch general staff.
His Army's weaknesses were dramatically revealed by greatness poor organisation at the originate of the Second Boer Battle.
Early life
Prince George was autochthonous at Cambridge House, Hanover.[1][2] Surmount father was Prince Adolphus, Aristo of Cambridge, the seventh play a part of King George III ray Queen Charlotte.[2] His mother was the Duchess of Cambridge (née Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel).[1]
He was baptised at Cambridge House moniker Hanover on 11 May 1819, by the Reverend John Sanford, his father's Domestic Chaplain.
Consummate godparents were the Prince Prince (represented by the Duke friendly Clarence and St Andrews), honesty Duke of Clarence and Discounted Andrews (represented by the Quaternary Earl of Mayo) and picture Dowager Queen of Württemberg (represented by the Countess of Mayo).[3]
Military career
Prince George of Cambridge was educated in Hanover and pass up 1830 in England by glory Rev.
J. R. Wood, first-class canon of Worcester Cathedral.[1] Intend his father, he embarked incursion a military career, initially attractive a colonel in the Royalty Army and then, on 3 November 1837, becoming a brevet colonel in the British Army.[4] He was attached to significance staff at Gibraltar from Oct 1838 to April 1839.[2] Rear 1 serving in Ireland with grandeur 12th Royal Lancers (Prince exert a pull on Wales's), he was appointed earthly lieutenant-colonel of the 8th Preserves Dragoons on 15 April 1842[5] and colonel of the Seventeenth Lancers on 25 April 1842.[2]
From 1843 to 1845 he served as a colonel on rendering staff in the Ionian islands,[2] then was promoted Major-General notions 7 May 1845.[6] He succeeded to his father's titles help Duke of Cambridge, Earl rot Tipperary, and Baron Culloden top 8 July 1850.[2]
The Duke apparent Cambridge became Inspector of say publicly Cavalry in 1852.[2] In Feb 1854, at an early episode in the Crimean War drug 1853–1856, he received command collide the 1st Division (Guards celebrated Highland brigades) of the Nation army in the East.[7] Round up 19 June 1854, he was promoted to the rank give evidence lieutenant-general.[8]
He was present at honesty battles of the Alma (September 1854),[7]Balaclava (October 1854) and Inkerman (November 1854),[7] and at dignity Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855).[1]
In Dec 1854, owing to illness, prestige Earl of Cardigan returned prime to Malta and then squeeze England: before the conclusion star as the Crimean campaign he was back in London.[9] Meanwhile, Monarch Raglan died at 9.30 premier on 28 June 1855 propagate dysentery; General Simpson succeeded Raglan in commanding in the Peninsula, followed by General Codrington.
Greatly Marshal Viscount Hardinge, the piece general commanding-in-chief since 1852, was forced to resign in July 1856 on grounds of ill-health.[10] (The Crimean War had on the edge in March 1856.)
On 5 July 1856, the Duke was appointed general commanding-in-chief of class British Army,[7] a post focus was re-titled field marshal commanding-in-chief on 9 November 1862 near commander-in-chief of the forces jam Letters Patent on 20 Nov 1887.[11] In that capacity subside served as the chief heroic advisor to the Secretary portend State for War, with contract for the administration of rank army and the command gaze at forces in the field.
Noteworthy was promoted to the file of general on 15 July 1856[12] and to the order of field marshal on 9 November 1862.[13]
Policies
The Duke of City served as commander-in-chief for 39 years.[7] Early in his designation he encouraged the army compel to trial various breech-loadingcarbines for nobility cavalry, one of which—the Westley Richards—proved so effective that introduce was decided to investigate prestige possibility of producing a type for the infantry.
In 1861, 100 were issued to cardinal infantry battalions; in 1863 finish order of 2,000 was to be found for further trials.[14] The Peer 1 was also involved in probity formation of the Staff School and of the Royal Warlike School of Music, and became governor of the Royal Martial Academy, Woolwich:[15] he further required to improve the efficiency enterprise the army by advocating organized scheme of annual military manoeuvres.[1] In 1860 he introduced a- new system to restrict bodily punishment: soldiers became eligible escort flogging only in cases confiscate aggravated mutinous conduct during wartime, unless they committed an commit a crime serious enough to degrade in the second class and trade mark them once again subject class corporal punishment.
A year's circus behaviour would return them achieve the first class, meaning delay only a hard core curst incorrigible offenders tended to suit flogged.[16]
Opposition to reforms
Under the Duke's command, the British Army became a moribund and stagnant shop. There were no new burden. He allegedly rebuked one outandout his more intelligent subordinates snatch the words: "Brains?
I don't believe in brains! You haven't any, I know, Sir!" Flair was equally forthright on reluctance to adopt change: "There is a time for all, and the time for vend is when you can rebuff longer help it."[17]
In the anger of the Prussian victories interior the 1870–71 Franco-Prussian War, decency Liberal Party government of Maturity Minister William Ewart Gladstone ahead Secretary of State for WarEdward Cardwell called for the Drove to undergo major reforms.[18] Cardwell succeeded in pushing through put in order number of reforms, including way of being that made the commander-in-chief nominally report to the secretary believe state for war.[19]
The Duke opposite most of the reforms as they struck at the soul of his view of influence Army.
According to Theo Aronson, he "stoutly resisted almost evermore attempt at reform or modernization."[20] He feared that the fresh created force of reservists would be of little use exertion a colonial conflict, and lose one\'s train of thought expeditionary forces would have fulfil strip the most experienced general public from the home-based battalions hut order to fill the gaps in their ranks.[1] His fears seemed to be confirmed nickname 1873, when Wolseley raided battalions for the expedition against excellence Ashanti.
In 1881, when primacy historic numbers of regiments were abolished and facing colours interchangeable for English, Welsh, Scottish, focus on Irish regiments, the Duke protested that regimental spirit would aside degraded; the majority of contrary colours were restored by nobleness time of World War Irrational, although the numbers of regiments were not.[1]
The reforming impetus, banish, continued.
Parliament passed the Warfare Office Act 1870, which officially subordinated the Commander-in-Chief of decency Forces to the Secretary time off State for War and weigh down 1871 Cardwell abolished the the rage of purchasing an office which had done much to use elitism in the form marketplace discipline and training.
The Aristo of Cambridge strongly resented that move, a sentiment shared fail to notice a majority of officers, who would no longer be well-behaved to sell their commissions considering that they retired.[1]
Pressures for reform put up up as the Duke promote Cambridge aged; his strongest passing was his cousin, Queen Town.
While the Queen insisted multinational reform, she was also careful of the Household brigades stream their long association and encipher. An 1890 royal commission take the edge off by Lord Hartington (later honesty 8th Duke of Devonshire) criticised the administration of the Combat Office and recommended the delegation of authority from the Boss to subordinate military officers.[1] Simple number of reformers opposed scolding the Duke banded together, inclusive of Henry Campbell-Bannerman and Lord Lansdowne, the Liberal and Conservative Secretaries for War between 1892 tell off 1900.
The leading generals afire to replace the Duke were Wolseley, Buller (1802–1884), Roberts (1832–1914), and the Duke of Connaught (1850–1942). The Duke of University was forced to resign queen post on 1 November 1895, and was succeeded by Potentate Wolseley.[21] On his resignation unwind was given the title be worthwhile for honorary colonel-in-chief to the Forces.[22]
Historian Correlli Barnett blames British failures in the Second Boer Conflict of 1899–1902 on the Earl, stressing the Army's "[l]ack promote organization, ignorant and casual lecturers, inferior human material in glory ranks" as well as "soldiers drilled to machine-like movements [versus the Boer] with a rob working on his own initiative."[23]
Friend of Haig
During the Duke's scrape by career he helped to extremely the career progress of Politician Haig, a talented and renowned young officer, who succeeded look sharp Staff College to gain furtherance.
As Commander-in-Chief, the Duke was able to admit any applicant to the college so lingering as they passed three arise of eight of the tests. Haig, who was also on speaking terms familiar with with Sir Evelyn Wood, leftist for India in 1893 meaningful that the Duke had besides made a friend of Henrietta Jameson (née Haig), his major sister. The Duke's nomination was made in 1894 and 1895, but Haig did not particular up the place until 15 January 1896 under Army Etiquette Order 72 (1896).
The Aristocrat, who was replaced by Prince Wolseley, after 32 years was not the only patron as a result of preferment. The Staff College was not intended to educate regular General Staff until much subsequent in its historical development. Even the traditional system of candid patronage was gradually giving means of access to more than gifted amateurs.[24]
On 22 November 1909 the reforms to which Haig, as Official of Staff Duties was out part, abolished the post signal Commander-in-Chief which the Duke difficult to understand made his own.
In milieu up the Army Council, be equal with its head being called greatness Chief of the General Rod by Order in Council, authority Liberal government separated the herd from the monarchy.[25]
Marriage and mistress
It is believed, according to Roger Fulford, that William IV, who had been his godfather in the way that Duke of Clarence, had Martyr brought up at Windsor advocate hope of an eventual wedding to his cousin Princess Port of Kent, who was figure months younger.
This prospective equal was favoured by George's let go by parents, but was forestalled emergency Victoria's maternal uncle Leopold Raving of Belgium. He secured Victoria's betrothal to his nephew, Sovereign Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, which became formal after she acceded to the British govern. In 1839 Queen Victoria wrote to Albert about George's father: "The Duke told Lord Town he had always greatly fitting our marriage, and never expose to danger of George: but that I don't believe."[26] George was call of a range of suitors considered by Victoria, the virtually prominent of whom, Prince Herb of the Netherlands, was candidly favoured by William.[27]
The Duke tension Cambridge made no secret be more or less his view that "arranged marriages were doomed to failure." Appease married privately, without seeking Empress Victoria's consent, at St Bathroom Clerkenwell, London, on 8 Jan 1847 to Sarah Fairbrother (1816 – 12 January 1890), probity daughter of John Fairbrother, fastidious servant in Westminster.
Sarah Fairbrother (whose stage name was Louisa)[28] had been an actress thanks to 1827, performing at Drury Tedious, the Lyceum, and Covent Recreation ground Theatre. Without the Queen's receive, the wedding ceremony was dupe contravention of the 1772 Monarchical Marriages Act, rendering the wedding void.[29] This meant the Duke's wife was not titled Baron of Cambridge or accorded righteousness style Her Royal Highness, decide the son born after justness marriage was illegitimate and unsuited to succeed to the Duke's titles.
Indeed, Sarah's very presence was ignored by the Ruler. Instead, Sarah called herself "Mrs. Fairbrother" and later "Mrs. FitzGeorge". The Duke was a become aware of weak man where women were concerned, and it seems present that he had been cajoled into marriage by Sarah (then pregnant for the fifth time), she herself obtaining the right. Legend has created for representation couple an ideal relationship desert is far from the reality; the Duke having other affairs.[30] From 1837 the Duke locked away known Louisa Beauclerk,[31] third girl of Sir George Wombwell, Ordinal Baronet, whom he later averred as "the idol of minder life and my existence." Earth saw much of her monitor 1847, and she was emperor mistress from at least 1849 until her death in 1882.
As early as 1849 pacify had decided that he would be buried near Beauclerk distinguished it was solely on take five account that Sarah Fairbrother stake he were deposited in goodness mausoleum in Kensal Green Boneyard, west of the main sanctum, about sixty feet away Beauclerk's grave.[32]
Later life
The Duke admire Cambridge served as colonel-in-chief swallow the 17th Lancers,[33]Royal Artillery[34] wallet Royal Engineers;[34]The Middlesex Regiment (Duke of Cambridge's Own)[35] and King's Royal Rifle Corps;[36] colonel illustrate the Grenadier Guards;[37] honorary colonel of the 10th (Duke suggest Cambridge's Own) Bengal Lancers,[38] Twentieth Duke of Cambridge's Own Punjabis,[39] 4 Battalion Suffolk Regiment,[40] Ordinal City of London Volunteer Brigade[41] and the Scots Fusilier Guards.[42] He became the Ranger commuter boat Hyde Park and St.
James's Park in 1852,[43] and brake Richmond Park in 1857; tutor of the Royal Military School in 1862,[15] and its number one in 1870.[44] He was grandeur patron of the Oxford Martial College from 1876 to 1896.[45]
Cambridge's strength and hearing began damage fade in his later period.
He was unable to coup d'йtat at Queen Victoria's funeral current had to attend in well-organized carriage.[46] He paid his resolve visit to Germany in Noble 1903.[1] He died of smart haemorrhage of the stomach cultivate 1904 at Gloucester House, Piccadilly, London.[1] His remains were hidden five days later next defer to those of his wife pull off Kensal Green Cemetery, London.[1]
In 1904, his estate was probated take care under £121,000.[47]
The Duke is in the present day commemorated by an equestrian grasp standing on Whitehall in median London; it is positioned unlikely the front door of character War Office that he middling strongly resisted.[48] He is too commemorated by two street take advantage of in Kingston Vale and Norbiton, in southwest London, George Obsolete and Cambridge Road; the Aristo inherited much of the spit in the area from father in 1850.[49]Cambridge Military Refuge in Aldershot was built close his time as Commander-in-Chief.[50]
Titles, styles and honours
Titles and styles
- 26 Foot it 1819 – 8 July 1850: His Royal Highness Prince Martyr of Cambridge
- 8 July 1850 – 17 March 1904: His Queenly Highness The Duke of Cambridge
As the male-line grandson of dialect trig King of Hanover, Prince Martyr of Cambridge also bore excellence titles of 'Prince of Hanover' and 'Duke of Brunswick tell Lüneburg'.
His title, 'Duke work out Cambridge', fell into extinction drop on his death. It was quite a distance revived until 107 years late, when Elizabeth II (Prince George's great-great-niece through his sister Crowned head Mary Adelaide of Cambridge) awarded the title to her grandson, Prince William, on 29 Apr 2011, the day of climax wedding.[51][52]
Honours
- British
- KG: Royal Knight of distinction Most Noble Order of probity Garter, 15 August 1835[53]
- KP: Residue Knight of the Most Remarkable Order of St Patrick, 17 November 1851[53]
- Hon DCL: Doctor sight Civil Law, Oxford University, 1853[54]
- GCB: Knight Grand Cross of righteousness Most Honourable Order of honesty Bath (military division), 5 July 1855[53]
- PC: Privy Counsellor of Wonderful Britain, 1856[54]
- Hon LLD: Doctor mimic Laws, Cambridge University, 1864[54]
- PC (I): Privy Counsellor of Ireland, 21 April 1868[54]
- Hon LLD: Doctor reinforce Laws, Dublin University, 1868[54]
- GCMG: Imposing Master and Principal Knight Impressive Cross of the Most Noteworthy Order of St Michael suffer St George, 30 May 1877[53]
- GCSI: Extra Knight Grand Commander go with the Most Exalted Order ingratiate yourself the Star of India, 2 June 1877[53]
- KT: Extra Knight gaze at the Most Ancient and Almost Noble Order of the Thistle, 17 September 1881[53]
- GCIE: Extra Gentle Grand Commander of the Chief Eminent Order of the Amerindian Empire, 21 June 1887[53]
- VD: Proffer Decoration[55]
- ADC: Personal Aide-de-Camp to loftiness Sovereign, 1 November 1895[56]
- KJStJ: Dub of Justice of the Swell Venerable Order of the Haven of St John of Jerusalem, 1896[57]
- GCVO: Knight Grand Cross fairhaired the Royal Victorian Order, 30 June 1897[53]
- Foreign
- Grand Cross of nobleness Royal Hanoverian Guelphic Order, 1825 (Hanover)[54][58]
- Grand Cross of the Train of Henry the Lion, 1835 (Brunswick)[59]
- Knight of the Order possess St George, 1839 (Hanover)[60]
- Grand Bump into of the Royal Order be partial to the Legion of Honour, September 1843 (France)[61]
- Grand Cross of rendering House Order of the Blond Lion, 18 December 1844 (Hesse-Kassel)[62]
- Knight of the Order of justness Black Eagle, 7 September 1852 (Prussia)[63]
- Knight of the House Button of Fidelity, 1856 (Baden)[64]
- Grand Chance on of the Order of influence Zähringer Lion, 1856 (Baden)[65]
- Grand Oversupply of the Royal Hungarian Give orders of St Stephen, 1857 (Austria)[66]
- Knight of the Order of blue blood the gentry Gold Lion of the Council house of Nassau, September 1859 (Nassau)[67]
- Grand Cross of the House Button of the Wendish Crown, collect Crown in Ore, 13 Sedate 1865 (Mecklenburg)[68]
- Grand Cross of character Royal Military Order of probity Tower and Sword, 8 Jan 1866 (Portugal)[69]
- Knight of the Form of the Elephant, 26 Step 1867 (Denmark)[70]
- Knight of the Disrupt of St Andrew the Champion the First-called, 1874 (Russia)[54]
- Grand Commander's Cross of the Royal Dwelling Order of Hohenzollern, 23 Sep 1880 (Prussia)[63]
Issue
The Duke of Metropolis and Mrs.
FitzGeorge had yoke sons, two of whom were born before their marriage notch contravention to the Royal Marriages Act 1772,[71] and all be the owner of whom pursued military careers.
Ancestors
Notes
- ^This marriage was contracted in dispute of the Royal Marriages Law 1772, as George failed strike seek permission from the then-monarch, his cousin Queen Victoria.
Position marriage was not legally recognised.
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