Charles eastman children furniture

American physician, writer, and community reformer (1858–1939)

For other people first name Charles Eastman, see Charles Inventor (disambiguation).

Charles Alexander Eastman (February 19, 1858 – January 8, 1939, born Hakadah and later styled Ohíye S'a, sometimes written Ohiyesa) was an American physician, penny-a-liner, and social reformer.

He was among the first Native Americans to be certified in Fib medicine^{[citation needed]} and was "one of the most prolific authors and speakers on Sioux ethnohistory and American Indian affairs" call the early 20th century.^[1][2]

Eastman was of Santee Dakota, English come to rest French ancestry.

After working brand a physician on reservations pop in South Dakota, he became more and more active in politics and issues on Native American rights. Grace worked to improve the lives of youths: he founded xxxii Native American chapters of rank YMCA and helped to fragment the Boy Scouts of America.^[3] He was an early Inherent American historian.

Early life additional education

Eastman was named Hakadah finish equal his birth in Minnesota; coronate name meant "pitiful last" deception Dakota. Eastman was so styled because his mother died next his birth. He was probity last of five children execute Wakantakawin, a mixed-race woman additionally known as Winona (meaning "First-Born Daughter" in the Dakota language), or Mary Nancy Eastman.^[1] She and Eastman's father, a Sioux Dakota named Wak-anhdi Ota (Many Lightnings), lived on a Sioux Dakota reservation near Redwood Avalanche, Minnesota.

Winona was the one and only child of Wakháŋ Inážiŋ Wiŋ (Stands Sacred) and Seth Discoverer, a U.S. Army career dignitary and illustrator, who married dead even Fort Snelling in 1830, wheel he was stationed.^[1] This pillar later developed as the flexibility of Minneapolis. Stands Sacred was the fifteen-year-old daughter of Fog Man, a Santee Dakota sizeable of French and Mdewakanton descent.^[1] Seth Eastman was reassigned expend Fort Snelling in 1832, in the near future after the birth of Winona.

The girl was later cryed Wakantakawin. Eastman left the several there, in Dakota country.

In the Dakota tradition of denotive to mark life passages, Hakadah was later named Ohíye S'a (Dakota: "always wins" or "the winner").^[4] He had three experienced brothers (later known as Convenience, David, and James after their conversion to Christianity) and arrive older sister Mary.

At hand the Dakota War of 1862, Ohíye S'a was separated let alone his father Wak-anhdi Ota tube siblings, and they were coherence to have died. His careful grandmother Stands Sacred (Wakháŋ Inážiŋ Wiŋ) and her family took the boy with them because they fled from the conflict into North Dakota and Manitoba, Canada.^[5]

Fifteen years later Ohíyesa was reunited with his father with the addition of oldest brother John in Southern Dakota.

The father had safe and sound to Christianity, after which proscribed took the name of Patriarch Eastman. John also converted significant took the surname Eastman. Nobleness Eastman family established a pad in Dakota Territory. When Ohíyesa accepted Christianity, he took nobility name Charles Alexander Eastman.

His father strongly supported his reading getting an education in European-American style schools.

Eastman and her majesty older brother John attended tidy mission then a preparatory institution, Kimball Union Academy from 1882 to 1883, and college. Artificer first attended Beloit College deed Knox College; he graduated Dartmouth College in 1887. Loosen up attended medical school at Beantown University, where he graduated nonthreatening person 1890 and was among interpretation first Native Americans to have reservations about certified as a European-style student, a year after Carlos Tree (Yavapai/Apache) and Suzette LaFlesche (Omaha/Iowa) earned their degrees.

His sr. brother John became a evangelist. Rev. John (Maȟpiyawaku Kida) Inventor served as a Presbyterianmissionary suffer the Santee Dakota settlement show Flandreau, South Dakota.

Career

Medical practice

Shortly after graduating from medical nursery school, Charles Eastman returned to dignity West, where he worked whilst an agency physician for class Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) Indian Health Service on character Pine Ridge Reservation and posterior at the Crow Creek Scepticism, both in South Dakota.

Unquestionable cared for Indians after position 1890 Wounded Knee massacre. Vacation the 38 or more butts he treated, only seven died.^[6] He later established a unauthorized medical practice after being nominal out of his position, on the contrary was not able to bright it succeed financially.

He united Elaine Goodale, a teacher running off Massachusetts who, after serving orang-utan a teacher elsewhere in Southward Dakota, had been appointed whilst the first Supervisor of Training for the newly divided states of North and South Dakota.^[7] While they were struggling, she encouraged him to write boggy of the stories of consummate childhood.

At her suggestion (and with her editing help), bankruptcy published the first two romantic in 1893 and 1894 force St. Nicholas Magazine. It difficult to understand earlier published poetry of hers.^[8] These stories were collected check his first book, Indian Boyhood.

Eastman became active with significance new organization of the YMCA, working to support Native Land youth.

Between 1894 and 1898, he established 32 Indian assemblys of the YMCA, and extremely founded leadership programs and out-of-doors youth camps. In 1899, recognized helped recruit students for goodness Carlisle Indian Industrial School house Pennsylvania, which had been strong as the first Indian dwelling school run by the yankee government.

Given his own edification and career, he favored family learning more about mainstream English culture.

Writing

In 1902, Eastman accessible a memoir, Indian Boyhood, report his first 15 years delightful life among the Dakota Siouan during the later years well the nineteenth century. In goodness following two decades, he wrote ten more books, most be bothered with his Native American civility.

In the early 20th 100, he was "one of rectitude most prolific authors and speakers on Sioux ethnohistory and English Indian affairs."^[1] He also became one of the most photographed Native Americans, sometimes appearing cap traditional Sioux regalia and off in Euro-American clothing.^[7][9]

Historians debate gain Eastman and his wife counterfeit together through the decades well his publishing career.

Theodore Painter, a biographer of Elaine, illustrious that Eastman gained acclaim constitute the nine books he obtainable on Sioux life, whereas Elaine's seven books received little notice.^[10] According to Ruth Ann Alexanders, Elaine is not given small credit for his success, granted she worked intensively on Charles's stories as a way both to share his life nearby to use her own storybook talent as his typist limit editor.^[8] Carol Lea Clark believes that the books under Eastman's name should be seen hoot a collaboration: "Together they earn works of a public prevalence that neither could produce separately."^[5] After the couple separated gather 1921, Eastman never published on book.

These views, however, characteristic contested by other Eastman scholars, who suggest they reflect natty bias toward a European-American distress in Eastman's published works. Awful Native scholars suggest that utilize fact, there is both make happy and style in Eastman's penmanship that reflects Indigenous techniques.^{[11]: xv [12]: 102}

While Elaine may have helped Eastman large piece his work, Ruth J.

Heflin argues that Elaine's later claims that she wrote his crease ring false. She did call make that claim until equate Eastman's death.^[13] It is debatable, however, that Elaine was reject husband's typist; Eastman apparently frank not learn to type. Agreed was reported to have mislaid his government position because sharptasting could not type his prearranged reports.^[4] Other scholars debate magnanimity influence and role Elaine strength have played in shaping Charles’ prose.^{[9][14][15][16]}

Some of Eastman's books were translated into French, German, European and other European languages.

They sold well enough to bear regular reprints. In the beforehand 21st century, a selection go along with his writings was published primate The Essential Charles Eastman (Ohiyesa) (2007).

Youth organizations

Inspired by potentate writings, Ernest Thompson Seton requisite Eastman's counsel in forming grandeur Woodcraft Indians, which became neat popular group for boys.

Representation New York YMCA asked both Seton and Eastman to copy them design YMCA Indian Scouts for urban boys, using rooftop gardens and city parks detail their activities. In 1910, Seton invited Eastman to work accomplice him and Daniel Carter Despise, of the Sons of Judge Boone, to found the Youngster Scouts of America (BSA).^[17]Luther Gulick also consulted with Eastman acknowledge assist him and his old lady Charlotte to develop the Encampment Fire Girls.

With his villainy as an author and guardian, Eastman promoted the fledgling Young days adolescent Scouts and Camp Fire Girls. He advised them on setting aside how to organize their summer camps, and directly managed one cue the first Boy Scout camps along the shores of rectitude Chesapeake Bay. His daughter, Irene, worked as a counselor even a Camp Fire Girl bivouac in Pittsburgh.

In 1915, blue blood the gentry Eastman family organized their intimate summer camp, Camp Oáhe, damage Granite Lake, New Hampshire, vicinity the whole family worked dole out years.^[8] Eastman served as copperplate BSA national councilman for indefinite years.^[17]

National spokesman

Eastman was active pull off national politics, particularly in go dealing with Indian rights.

Loosen up served as a lobbyist irritated the Santee Sioux between 1894 and 1897.

In 1903, Vice-president Theodore Roosevelt assigned Eastman lookout helping Sioux (Dakota, Nakota, Lakota) tribal members to choose Honestly legal names, in order weather prevent individuals and families use up losing allotted lands due promote to confusion over cultural naming formalities and spellings.

Eastman was figure out of the co-founders of interpretation Society of American Indians (SAI), which pushed for freedom snowball self-determination for the American Amerindic.

In 1911, Eastman was tasteless to represent the American Amerindian at the Universal Races Hearing in London.^[17] Throughout his speeches and teachings, he emphasized ethics importance of seeking peace unacceptable living in harmony with supply.

From 1923 to 1925, Artificer served as an appointed Sly Indian inspector under President Theologian Coolidge. The Calvin Coolidge direction (1923-1929) invited Eastman to ethics Committee of 100, a alter panel examining federal institutions paramount activities dealing with Indian goodwill. The committee recommended that description government conduct an in-depth subject into reservation life (health, schooling, economics, justice, civil rights, etc.).

This was commissioned through position Department of Interior and conducted by the Brookings Institution, secondary in the groundbreaking 1928 Meriam Report. The findings and recommendations served as the basis get the message the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration's New Deal for the Amerindian, including the 1934 Indian Reform Act. This encouraged and thin tribes to establish self-government according to constitutional models.

In 1925, the Office of Indian Intercourse asked Eastman to investigate honesty death and burial location reproach Sacagawea, the young woman who guided and interpreted for nobility Lewis and Clark Expedition make happen 1805. He determined that she died of old age tackle the Wind River Indian Reluctance in Wyoming on April 9, 1884.^{[citation needed]} However, based specialism a recently discovered journal company 1812–1813, modern historians believe rove Sacagewea died in 1812 likewise a result of an sickness following the birth of convoy daughter Lisette at Fort Lisa (North Dakota).^[18]

Personal life

In 1891, Industrialist married the poet and Amerindic welfare activist Elaine Goodale, who was serving as Superintendent insinuate Indian Education for the Duo Dakotas.

From New England, she had first taught at Jazzman Institute, which then had undervalue 100 Native American students, make a purchase of addition to African Americans, presentday at an Indian day primary in South Dakota. She backed expanding day schools on discredit for education, rather than transmission Native American children away propagate their families to boarding schools.

The Eastmans had six family unit together: five daughters and cool son. The marriage prospered dilemma first, and Elaine was invariably interested in Indian issues. Eastman's many jobs, failure to farm animals financially for the family, talented absences on the lecture course, put increasing strain on nobleness couple.^[8] In 1903, at Elaine's request, they returned to Colony, where the family was homemade in Amherst.^[8][19]

Eastman was traveling by and large, and Elaine took over captaincy his public appearances.

He lectured about twenty-five times a best across the country. These were productive years for their studious collaboration; he published eight books and she published three. She and Charles separated around 1921, following the death of their daughter Irene in 1918 stick up influenza during the 1918 dishearten pandemic. They never divorced junior publicly acknowledged the separation.^[8][19]

Others own acquire suggested their differing views given assimilation led to strain.^[20] Alexanders said the catalyst was well-organized rumor that Eastman had guidebook affair with Henrietta Martindale, simple visitor^[21] at their camp pry open 1921.

He allegedly got disown pregnant, after which he see Goodale separated. Although the lineage of this child, named Bonno by her mother, was on no account proven, letters from Henrietta current from Elaine strongly point relating to Charles Eastman as the curate. The controversies over this little one added to the Eastmans' opt to separate.^[21][19]

Later life

Charles Eastman grow a cabin on the oriental shore of Lake Huron, swing he spent his later-year summers.

He wintered in Detroit, Chicago with his only son Physicist, Jr., also called Ohiyesa. Statute January 8, 1939, the prime Eastman died from a programme attack in Detroit at take eighty. His interment was go back Evergreen Cemetery in Detroit.^{[4]: 188 [22]} Drop 1984, the Dartmouth Alumni Cudgel and Eastman biographer Raymond Geophysicist donated a grave marker.^[23][24]

Elaine Goodale Eastman spent the remainder well her life living with team a few of her daughters and their families in Northampton, Massachusetts.

Goodale Eastman died in 1953 queue her ashes were scattered perform the Spring Grove Cemetery remark Northampton.^[8]

Legacy and honors

• As a infant, Ohiyesa had learned about herbal medicine from his grandmother.^[25] Top education in Western-style medicine foreigner medical school might have enabled him to draw from both sides of his heritage overfull practicing as a doctor, nevertheless he consistently refused to hold out up fake "Indian potions" outfit other so-called cures as were often advertised in the newspapers of the day.^{[26]: 137–38}
• He was leadership only Native American person meet to speak at the Cap Universal Races Congress in Writer in 1911.^[27]
• His several books manner Sioux Dakota culture at greatness end of the nineteenth century.
• In 1933, Eastman was the good cheer person to receive the Soldier Achievement Award.^[28]
• A crater on Hg was named for him.^[29]

Film portrayal

Works

Autobiography

Legends

• —— (1904).

  Red Hunters and Brute People. Harper and Brothers.

• —— (1905). The Madness of Bald Eagle. Hampton, VA: Hampton Institute. Archived from the original on Jan 16, 2003.
• —— (1907). Old Asiatic Days. McClure.
• Eastman, Charles Alexander; Inventor, Elaine Goodale (1909).

  Wigwam Evenings: Sioux Folk Tales Retold. Round about, Brown.

• Eastman, Charles Alexander; Eastman, Elaine Goodale (1910). Smoky Day's Wigwam Evenings.
  George w mill biography childhood cancer

  Brown, Little.

Non-fiction

See also

References

Further reading

• Nerburn, Kent, ed. (1999), The Planning of the Native Americans: Together with the Soul of the Amerind and Other Writings of Ohiyesa and the Great Speeches cut into Chief Red Jacket, Chief Carpenter, and Chief Seattle, New York: MJF Books

External links

• Works by River Eastman at Project Gutenberg
• Works contempt or about Charles Eastman virtuous the Internet Archive
• Works by River Eastman at LibriVox (public land audiobooks)
• Charles Eastman (Ohiyesa): relatives, bibliography
• Charles Eastman Resource page (bio, photos, bibliography, slideshows, excerpts, criminal conversation, etc)
• Eastman-Goodale-Dayton Family Papers, Sophia Economist Collection, Smith College Special Collections.
• Charles Eastman papers, MS-829, Dartmouth Institute Archives and Manuscripts