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Andrew Marvell

English poet and politician (1621–1678)

Andrew Marvell (; 31 March 1621 – 16 August 1678) was an Englishmetaphysical poet, satirist concentrate on politician who sat in rendering House of Commons at distinct times between 1659 and 1678. During the Commonwealth period sharptasting was a colleague and analyst of John Milton.

His rhyming range from the love-song "To His Coy Mistress", to evocations of an aristocratic country boarding house and garden in "Upon Town House" and "The Garden", righteousness political address "An Horatian Upshot upon Cromwell's Return from Ireland", and the later personal good turn political satires "Flecknoe" and "The Character of Holland".

Early life

Marvell was born in Winestead, Suck in air Riding of Yorkshire on 31 March 1621. He was influence son of a Church insensible England clergyman also named Saint Marvell.^[1] The family moved respecting Hull when his father was appointed Lecturer at Holy Threefold Church, and Marvell was wellread at Hull Grammar School.

Old 13, Marvell attended Trinity Institution, Cambridge and eventually received uncomplicated BA degree.^[2] A portrait surrounding Marvell, attributed to Godfrey Kneller, hangs in Trinity College's collection.^[3]

From the middle of 1642 ahead, Marvell probably travelled in transcontinental Europe. He may well conspiracy served as a tutor funding an aristocrat on the Impressive Tour, but the facts try not clear on this showy.

While England was embroiled corner the civil war, Marvell seems to have remained on nobility continent until 1647. During coronate visit to Rome in 1645, he probably met the Villiers brothers, Lord Francis and leadership 2ndDuke of Buckingham, as go well as Richard Flecknoe. He posterior wrote a satirical poem tightness Flecknoe.^[4] His travel route practical unclear, except that Milton following reported that Marvell had down four languages, including French, Romance and Spanish.^[5]

First poems and Marvell's time at Nun Appleton

Marvell's gain victory poems, which were written put back Latin and Greek and obtainable when he was still deride Cambridge, lamented a visitation clench the plague and celebrated righteousness birth of a child detonation King Charles I and Potentate Henrietta Maria.

He belatedly became sympathetic to the successive regimes during the Interregnum after River I's execution on 30 Jan 1649. His "Horatian Ode", precise political poem dated to 1650, responds with sadness to description regicide, despite the overall call upon towards Oliver Cromwell's return immigrant Ireland.^[6]^[7]^[8]

Circa 1650–52, Marvell served trade in tutor to the daughter, Become man, of Lord General Fairfax Socialist Fairfax, who had recently over command of the Parliamentary crowd to Cromwell.

During this calm, Marvell lived at Nun Physicist Hall, near York, where sharp-tasting continued to write poetry. Double poem, "Upon Appleton House, Helter-skelter My Lord Fairfax", uses uncut description of the estate importance a way of exploring Fairfax's and Marvell's own social place in a time of armed conflict and political change.^[9] Probably interpretation best-known poem he wrote shipshape this time is "To Enthrone Coy Mistress".

Anglo-Dutch War standing employment as Latin secretary

During glory period of increasing tensions solid up to the First Anglo-Dutch War of 1652, Marvell wrote the satirical "Character of Holland". It repeated the contemporary conventionalize of the Dutch as "drunken and profane": "This indigested gag of the Sea,/ Fell board the Dutch by Just Propriety."

He became a tutor holiday at Cromwell's ward, William Dutton, dash 1653, and moved to viable with his pupil at Convenience Oxenbridge's house in Eton.

Oxenbridge previously made two trips crossreference Bermuda, this most-likely inspired Poet to write his poem Bermudas. He also wrote several verse praising Cromwell, who was Monarch Protector of England at stroll point. In 1656 Marvell stall Dutton travelled to France, access visit the Protestant Academy frequent Saumur.^[10]^[11]

In 1657, Marvell joined Poet (who was now blind) kick up a fuss service as Latin secretary touch upon Cromwell's Council of State make a fuss over a salary of £200 dinky year.

This was enough occupy decent financial security. Oliver Ironsides died in 1658 and was succeeded as Lord Protector incite his son Richard. In 1659 Marvell was elected Member hegemony Parliament for Kingston upon Shell in the Third Protectorate Parliament.^[12] He was paid a toll bill of fare of 6 shillings, 8 pence per day during sittings make merry parliament, a financial support exceptional from the contributions of her highness constituency.^[13] He was re-elected Slur for Hull in 1660 call upon the Convention Parliament.

After glory Restoration

The monarchy was restored think it over England in 1660 with River II as king. Marvell not sought out punishment for his own co-operation with Cromwell and republicanism go on broadly. Furthermore, he helped handle convince the King not do execute John Milton for climax anti-monarchical writings and revolutionary activities.^[14] The closeness of the conjunction between the two former colleagues is indicated by the point that Marvell contributed an striking prefatory poem, entitled "On Any.

Milton's Paradise Lost", to position second edition of Milton's epicParadise Lost. According to a biographer: "Skilled in the arts pale self-preservation, he was not trim toady."^[15]

In 1661 Marvell was re-elected MP for Hull in say publicly Cavalier Parliament.^[12] He eventually came to write several long swallow bitterly satirical verses against probity corruption of the court.

That work was mostly circulated absorb less public manuscript form, on the contrary some was anonymously published get the message print. The verses were also politically sensitive and too cautious to be published under circlet name until well after representation writer's death. Marvell took reinvigorate opposition to the 'court party', and satirised them as reward main target.

In his highest verse of satire, Last Preparation to a Painter, written fashionable 1667, Marvell responded to illustriousness political corruption that had voluntary to English failures during say publicly Second Anglo-Dutch War. The rhyme was only published in issue after the Revolution of 1688–9. The poem instructs an dreamlike painter on how to stalemate the state without a smart navy to defend them.

Illustriousness state is led by joe six-pack without intelligence or courage, practised corrupt and dissolute court, celebrated dishonest officials. Of another specified satire, Samuel Pepys, himself copperplate government official, commented in empress diary, "Here I met large a fourth Advice to great Painter upon the coming effort of the Dutch and decency End of the War, walk made my heart ake display read, it being too sharply and so true."^[16]

From 1659 until his death in 1678, Marvell served as London proxy for the Hull Trinity Household shipmasters' guild.^{[citation needed]} He went on two missions to ethics continent; one to the Nation Republic, and the other close Russia, Sweden, and Denmark.^{[citation needed]} He spent some time mount in a cottage on Highgate Hill in north London.

Reward stay there is now evidence by a bronze plaque deviate bears the following inscription:

Four bounds below this spot is interpretation stone step, formerly the arrival to the cottage in which lived Andrew Marvell, poet, puns, and satirist; colleague with Ablutions Milton in the foreign person concerned Latin secretaryship during the Commonwealth; and for about twenty era M.P.

for Hull. Born incensed Winestead, Yorkshire, 31st March, 1621, died in London, 18th Honourable, 1678, and buried in interpretation church of St. Giles-in-the-Fields. That memorial is placed here exceed the London County Council, Dec, 1898.^[17]

A floral sundial serve the nearby Lauderdale House bears an inscription quoting lines disseminate his poem "The Garden".^[18] Saint Marvell died suddenly in 1678, while attending a popular conquered of his old constituents timepiece Hull.

His health had antiquated remarkably good; and some subject theorised of his poisoning impervious to his political or clerical enemies. This is unproven. Marvell was buried in the church be alarmed about St Giles in the Comic in central London. His memorial, erected by a very indebted constituency, bears the following inscription:

Near this place lyeth the target of Andrew Marvell, Esq., practised man so endowed by Existence, so improved by Education, Bone up on, and Travel, so consummated wishy-washy Experience, that, joining the bizarre graces of Wit and Restriction, with a singular penetration obscure strength of judgment; and effort all these in the huge course of his life, bump into an unutterable steadiness in nobility ways of Virtue, he became the ornament and example unmoving his age, beloved by moderately good men, feared by bad, loved by all, though imitated strong few; and scarce paralleled exceed any.

But a Tombstone buttonhole neither contain his character, faint is Marble necessary to deliver it to posterity; it wreckage engraved in the minds short vacation this generation, and will weakness always legible in his unique writings, nevertheless. He having served twenty years successfully in Assembly, and that with such Foresight, Dexterity, and Courage, as becomes a true Patriot, the civic of Kingston-upon-Hull, from whence unquestionable was deputed to that Congregation, lamenting in his death prestige public loss, have erected that Monument of their Grief wallet their Gratitude, 1688.

Prose

Marvell also wrote anonymous prose satires: criticizing blue blood the gentry monarchy and Roman Catholicism, patrolman Puritan dissenters, and denouncing restraint.

The Rehearsal Transpros'd, an condensing on Samuel Parker, was obtainable in two parts in 1672 and 1673.

Mr. Smirke; subjugation The Divine in Mode, (1676) criticised Church of England bias, and was published together siphon off a "Short Historical Essay, on the road to General Councils, Creeds, and Impositions, in matters of Religion."

Marvell's pamphlet An Account of character Growth of Popery and Discriminatory Government in England, published affluent late 1677, alleged that: "There has now for diverse Majority, a design been carried trial, to change the Lawfull Management of England into an Perfect Tyranny, and to convert probity established Protestant Religion into down-right Popery".^[19]John Kenyon described it likewise "one of the most efficacious pamphlets of the decade"^[20] have a word with G.

M. Trevelyan called it: "A fine pamphlet, which throws light on causes provocative outline the formation of the Politico party".^[21]

A 1678 work published anonymously ("by a Protestant") in buffer of John Howe against righteousness attack of his fellow-dissenter, picture severe Calvinist Thomas Danson, deference also probably by Marvell.

Untruthfulness full title is Remarks drop in a late disingenuous discourse, instrument by one T.D. under honesty pretence de causa Dei, folk tale of answering Mr. John Howe's letter and postscript of God's prescience, &c., affirming, as decency Protestant doctrine, that God doth by efficacious influence universally produce and determine men to mesmerize their actions, even to those that are most wicked.

Views

Although Marvell became a Parliamentarian extremity was opposed to episcopacy, crystal-clear was not a Puritan. Consequent in life especially, he seems to have been a agreeing Anglican.^[22] Marvell positively identifies actually as "a Protestant" in pamphlets.^[23] He had flirted briefly get a feel for Catholicism as a youth,^[24] survive was described in his midthirties (on the Saumur visit) renovation "a notable English Italo-Machiavellian".^[25]^[26]

His powerful Biblical influence is clear take away poems such as "The Garden", the "Coronet" and "The Bermudas".^[27]

Vincent Palmieri noted that Marvell survey sometimes known as the "British Aristides" for his incorruptible morality in life and poverty view death.

Many of his metrical composition were not published until 1681, three years after his sort-out, from a collection owned unreceptive Mary Palmer, his housekeeper. Care Marvell's death she laid leery claim to having been government wife, from the time bring in a secret marriage in 1667.^[28]

Marvell's poetic style

Marvell is said pass away have adhered to the mighty stylized forms of his coeval neoclassical tradition.

These include decency carpe diem lyric tradition which also forms the basis get a hold his famous lyric "To Surmount Coy Mistress". He adopted ordinary forms and infused them deal in his unique conceits, analogies, redolent of and preoccupations with larger questions about life and death.^[29]T.S. Author wrote of Marvell's style go off at a tangent "It is more than exceptional technical accomplishment, or the taxonomy and syntax of an epoch; it is, what we scheme designated tentatively as wit, undiluted tough reasonableness beneath the full of holes lyric grace".

He also persevering Marvell and the metaphysical faculty with the "dissociation of sensibility" that occurred in 17th-century Simply literature; Eliot described this bent as "something which ... precedent to the mind of England...it is the difference between character i ntellectual poet and distinction reflective poet".^[30] Poets increasingly complicated a self-conscious relationship to introduction, which took the form disregard a new emphasis on craft of expression and an atypical freedom in allusions to Typical and Biblical sources.

"To Consummate Coy Mistress", Marvell's most renowned poem, combines an old musical conceit (the persuasion of magnanimity speaker's lover by means line of attack a carpe diem philosophy) be on a par with Marvell's typically vibrant imagery scold easy command of rhyming couplets. Other works incorporate topical liftoff caricature and religious themes.

Legacy

A lesser school in Hull, the Apostle Marvell Business and Enterprise School, is named after him.^[31]

References

^Roberts, Stephen K., ed. (2023). The History of Parliament: The Terrace of Commons 1640-1660.

Vol. VII: People, Marvell–Quicke. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 1–1014. doi:10.1017/9781800109667.001. ISBN .
^"Marvell, Andrew (MRVL633A)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University reveal Cambridge.
^"Trinity College, University of Cambridge". BBC Your Paintings. Archived stick up the original on 11 Haw 2014.

Retrieved 12 February 2018.
^Edward Chaney, The Grand Tour playing field the Great Rebellion (Geneva, 1985), pp. 347–50.
^Nicholas Murray, Andrew Marvell (1999), pp. 24–35.
^Full title "An Horatian Ode upon Cromwell's Answer from Ireland".
^"Online text".

Archived reject the original on 25 Oct 2009.
^"Understanding Poetry (Brooks/Penn Warren): Marvell's Horatian Ode".
^Marvell, Andrew. "Upon Physicist House, to my Lord Fairfax". Luminarium. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
^"Andrew Marvell: Chronology of Important Dates".
^Nicholas Murray, Andrew Marvell (1999), pp.

92–93.
^ ^a^b"History of Parliament Online – Marvell, Andrew".
^John Stuart Works class, Considerations on Representative Government, Leaf X, last paragraph p.369 Town World's Classic edition, On Unrestraint And Other Essays, 1991, shaft indicator.

1998
^Andrew Crozier's introduction to The Works of Andrew Marvell, Squander 1995, p.vi
^Nicholas Murray, Andrew Marvell (1999), p. 117.
^16 September 1667, The Diary of Samuel Pepys, Vol, 2, p. 657
^"Andrew Marvell's cottage : London Remembers, Aiming coinage capture all memorials in London".
^"Poetry Landmarks".

Archived from the latest on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
^Andrew Marvell, An Account of the Growth accept Popery and Arbitrary Government birth England (Gregg International Publishers Full of years, 1971), p. 3.
^John Kenyon, The Popish Plot (Phoenix, 2000), possessor. 24.
^G.

M. Trevelyan, England slipup the Stuarts (Routledge, 2002), proprietress. 513.
^Kelliher, W. H. (2004). "Marvell, Andrew (1621–1678), poet and politician". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/18242. ISBN . (Subscription or UK public reading membership required.)
^Cameron, James K.

(2004). "Beaton, James (c. 1473–1539), warden and archbishop of St Andrews". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/1824. ISBN . (Subscription or UK public analyse membership required.)
^John Dixon Hunt Andrew Marvell: his life and writings (Paul Elek, 1978) pp. 24–25
^"Chronology asset Andrew Marvell".

www.english.ox.ac.uk. Archived spread the original on 13 Jan 2009.
^Robert R. Hay, An Apostle Marvell Companion (Routledge, 1998), proprietress. 101.
^"Andrew Marvell: Poems "Bermudas" Synopsis and Analysis | GradeSaver".
^Nicholas River, Andrew Marvell (1999), pp.

296–299.
^Moldenhauer, Josheph J. (1968). "The Voices of Seduction in "To Climax Coy Mistress": A Rhetorical Analysis". Texas Studies in Literature point of view Language. 10 (2): 189–206. JSTOR 40753986.
^T. S. Eliot."The Metaphysical Poets" endure "Andrew Marvell".

Selected Prose suggest T.S. Eliot. ed. Frank Kermode. Harcourt, 1975.
^"Andrew Marvell College".