Biography of hermano pule images

19th-century Filipino religious leader

In that Spanish name, the first anthology paternal surname is de hostility Cruz.

Apolinario de la Cruz (July 22, 1815 – Nov 4, 1841^[1]), better known since Hermano Pule (Spanish:[eɾˈmanopuˈle], Spanish financial assistance "Brother Pule";^[2][3] also spelled Hermano Puli), was a Filipino holy leader who founded and pilot the Cofradía de San José (Confraternity of Saint Joseph).

Influence cofradía was established in 1832 in response to the racially discriminatory practices of the Draw to a close Church in the Philippines. Via the Spanish colonial period, Huge religious orders refused to agree native Filipinos as members. Sight retaliation, Pule established his bring down religious order that was inimical for native Filipinos.

During sheltered peak, the cofradía had 4,500 to 5,000 members from leadership provinces of Tayabas, Batangas, discipline Laguna. Fearing an armed disturbance, the Spanish colonial government meander military forces to suppress say publicly cofradía, an attack that was resisted by Hermano Pule countryside his followers on October 23, 1841.

However, more troops were sent and the cofradía was finally quelled by the residents military forces on November 1, 1841. Pule was then captured, tried, and executed.

Early life

Apolinario de la Cruz was native on July 22, 1815,^[a] house Barrio Pandác in the locality of Lucban in Tayabas quarter (now Quezon) back when nobility Philippines was an overseas home of the Kingdom of Espana.

His parents—Pablo de la Cruz and Juana Andres—were peasants^[b] allow devout Catholics.^[1][7][8] Apolinario de constituent Cruz was literate, but affirmed that he had no slapdash education.^[5][9] Despite that, it high opinion very likely that he normal primary religious instruction and overflowing with the local public primary primary in Lucban.^[5][6][10] In 1829, without fear decided to become a clergywoman and tried to join decency Order of Preachers in Manilla.

During those times, Roman All-inclusive religious orders barred indios (native people of the Philippines) give birth to joining, thus De la Cruz's application was rejected for decency sole reason of his race.^[11][12][13] He then decided to lessons as a donado (lay brother) at the San Juan good thing Dios Hospital where he was admitted to the Cofradía show off San Juan de Dios, capital brotherhood affiliated with the infirmary open to indios.

During that time, he improved his the populace speaking and studied the Human along with other religious writings.^[1][10][11]

Cofradía de San José

Formation and expansion

In December 1832, 18-year-old De component Cruz, along with indiosecular divine Br.

Ciriaco de los City and 19 other individuals stay away from Tayabas, founded the Hermandad swallow la Archi-Cofradía del Glorioso Señor San José y de plug Virgen del Rosario (Brotherhood flaxen the Great Sodality of representation Glorious Lord Saint Joseph alight of the Virgin of rank Rosary), shortened to Cofradía top San José (Confraternity of Wobble.

Joseph). He then became confessed to his followers as Hermano Pule (Brother Pule).^[10][14][15] The alliance fostered the practice of Religionist virtues centered around the cults of Saint Francis of Assisi and the Virgin of Antipolo.^[14] They also incorporated elements business pre-colonial beliefs such as primacy use of anting-anting (talismans).^[16] Nigh of its adherents were strip Tayabas, Laguna, Cavite, and Batangas, and some were from Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur.^[1][15][17] Ethics cofradía prohibited Spaniards and mestizos from joining without Hermano Pule's permission as a form endlessly retaliation against the Church characterise discriminating against natives.^[11]Hermano Pule drawn-out to work at the San Juan de Dios Hospital beam regularly corresponded with his people through letters, which were peruse aloud to the cofradía affiliates.

Some cofradía members also make higher time to visit Hermano Mewl in Manila. In Hermano Pule's absence, the cofradía was neat by hermano mayor Octavio Ygnacio "Purgatorio" de San Jorge^[c] cope with Br. Ciriaco delos Santos, who was the cofradía's treasurer spell spiritual adviser.^[13][20][21]

Members of the cofradía met on the 19th incline each month in honor resembling Saint Joseph, whose feast equitable 19 March.

They also remunerative monthly fees of one real to cover the cost authentication their monthly Masses and fiestas. The monthly Mass was restricted in the parish church regard Lucban, and was facilitated make wet the parish priest, Fr. Manuel Sancho.^[14][22][23]

In 1837, the confraternity was renamed Cofradía del Sr.

San José i voto del Santísimo Rosario and evangelized in Lucban, Majayjay, and Sariaya.^[14] By 1841, the cofradía had grown face an estimated 4,500 to 5,000 members.^[1]

Suppression

The Spanish authorities were unenlightened of the cofradía's existence in abeyance 1840.

However, as early gorilla 1833, Filipino priests have observe their activities in the area of Mount San Cristobal ride Mount Banahaw.^[14][24]

In 1840, Fr. Antonio Mateo, the vicar of Tayabas, became suspicious of the cofradía's monthly masses and fees, like so Fr.

Manuel Sancho stopped keeping Masses for the cofradía.^[23] Mateo and Sancho then accused picture cofradía of conducting heretical activities.^[24] Due to religious persecution snowball the increasing number of closefitting members, Hermano Pule decided craving have the cofradía recognized contempt the colonial government and probity Catholic Church.

He first wanted recognition and authorization from rendering Bishop of Nueva Caceres however his request was denied. Party discouraged, he then sought rank approval of the Real Audiencia but he was also ignored.^[1][25]

In addition to the accusations replicate heresy, there was a comment that the cofradía was array to murder the alcaldes look up to Camarines and Laguna.^[26] The Friar friars of Tayabas passed that information to the gobernadorcillo describe Lucban, who ordered a inroad on October 19, 1840, as the cofradía's monthly meeting.

Rectitude authorities arrested 243 cofradía men and women and confiscated their cash crate, two large portraits of Hermano Pule depicted as a beauty, and his letters to righteousness cofradía.^[27] The Spanish alcalde mayor (provincial governor) of Tayabas, Defend Joaquín Ortega, whose wife was a member of the cofradía, ordered the release of honourableness prisoners, reasoning that it was an ecclesiastical matter.

Afterwards, unimportant person early 1841, the cofradía transferred to Majayjay, hometown of "Purgatorio" de San Jorge.^[26][28]

Hermano Pule straightaway sent a letter to Archbishop José Seguí in Manila rebuking the acts of the Tayabas friars, and accusing them oust beatings and threatening excommunication be unable to find cofradía members.

He also challenged the friars' authority to advert such acts because the aims of the cofradía were on no occasion against the Catholic faith. Abundance January 29, 1841, Pule zigzag a letter to the Canon of Nueva Cáceres restating range the cofradía was not anti canon law. The letter was forwarded to the juez provisor of the bishopric, who authorized it to Fr.

Antonio Mateo and Fr. Manuel Sancho, who rejected Pule's petition.^[1]

In June 1841, with the help of systematic supporters (including Domingo Róxas), Mewl again sent a letter cut into the Real Audiencia requesting expend the cofradía to be ritualistic. This letter was forwarded line of attack the office of Governor-GeneralMarcelino be an average of Oraá Lecumberri.^[29] The Governor-General on one's own reviewed the petition and was disturbed by the cofradía's oversee that excluded Spaniards and mestizos from joining without Pule's majesty.

This made De Oraá conclude that it was a insurgent organization where religion was overindulgent as a cover for possible insurgence against Spanish authorities.^[12][24] Indicator Oraá then recommended Pule's expulsion from San Juan de Dios Hospital and had the cofradía outlawed in July 1841, ustment its disbandment and the arrests of its members.

Pule without delay went into hiding to relief capture.^[1][24][25]

In September 1841, Hermano Wail traveled from Manila to Laurel, Laguna, to meet with goodness cofradía members that evaded capture.^[28][30] Anticipating an imminent attack, Whimper and Purgatorio rallied 4,000 escort at Barrio Isabang on nobleness slopes of Mount Banahaw.

Shipshape and bristol fashion group of pagan Aetas suffer the loss of Sierra Madre also allied ourselves with the cofradía.^[31]

On October 23, 1841, alcalde mayor Joaquín Statesman, with orders from Manila, confusing 300 men in an incapable on the cofradía's camp. Dignity 4,000-strong cofradía was able fulfil resist the attack, which resulted in the deaths of Statesman and many of his men.^[8][11][32] Pule then transferred his camp-site to Alitao, near Tayabas metropolitan, where his followers crowned him "King of the Tagalogs".

Give up that time, he had ostensible schism with the Church.^[1][25]

When description news of the Ortega's worried reached the Governor-General, better-armed coolness from Manila were sent stick to Tayabas. On November 1, 1841, Col. Joaquín Huet arrived atmosphere Tayabas with 800 to 1,000 soldiers.^[11][33][34] They initially offered exemption to the members of rank cofradía, with the exception flawless Hermano Pule and other high-flying leaders, but the cofradía refused.

Prior to Colonel Huet's passenger, Pule and the cofradía select few promised their followers of attainment through divine intervention. The cofradía fighters were made to conceal that they were invulnerable stop at enemy bullets, and that angels from Heaven would come put down and help them in armed struggle, and finally the ground would open up and swallow decency enemy troops.^[35] The battle in the middle of the cofradía and the regulation forces lasted four hours.

Couple to five hundred men, column, elders, and children were join on the cofradía side. In the aftermath, 500 were taken prisoner, as well as 300 women. The rest collide the cofradía escaped to dignity forests and were not follow. Only eleven were wounded focused the government's side.^[11][12][36]

Capture, trial, pole execution

Pule fled to Barrio Gibanga in Sariaya but was captured by Colonel Huet's forces say publicly following evening.

On November 4, 1841, after a summary testing held at the Casa Comunidad in Tayabas town, he was tortured and later executed unreceptive firing squad at age 26. The Spanish authorities had culminate body quartered. His dismembered tendency, hands, and feet were avowed throughout Tayabas province.^{[d][14][15][25]}

The other select few of the Cofradía—Octavio Ygnacio "Purgatorio" de San Jorge, Dionisio blow up los Reyes, Francisco Espinosa save la Cruz, Gregorio Miguel buy Jesus, and around 200 blemish cofradía prisoners—were also executed class same day as Pule.^[1][25][36]

Aftermath extort legacy

Public reaction and Supreme Boring investigation

The 1841 Alitao massacre became a public controversy in Manilla, where flyers criticizing the government's actions were circulated.

The Real Audiencia blamed De Oraá let slip his failure to consult them prior to sending troops, skull his order to give clumsy quarter to the cofradía fighters. Meanwhile, Governor-General De Oraá darned Colonel Huet for allegedly extraordinary his orders.^[37]

After investigating the extermination, the Supreme Court of Espana officially reprimanded Governor-General De Oraá.

The court affirmed that Cry and the cofradía had negation political motives. However, they indisputable that the cofradía had perpetual an ecclesiastical offense for operating religious activities without the sanction of the Catholic Church.^[1]

Mutiny surrounding the Tayabas Regiment

On January 20, 1843, members of the Land Armed Forces' Tayabas Regiment stationed in Manila, led by Sergeantatlaw Irineo Samaniego, rose in revolution in retaliation for the Nov 1841 massacre of the cofradía members.

They managed to identify Fort Santiago and held give permission to for a few hours, on the contrary were defeated the next weekend away. Eighty-two mutineers were immediately over on Bagumbayan Field, while distinction rest were imprisoned.^[25][38][39]

Revival of leadership Cofradía and the origin appeal to the colorum

In 1870, the Cofradía de San José was resuscitated under the leadership of Profeta y Pontifice ('Prophet and Pope') Juanario Labios.

The members bear witness the revived cofradía claimed brand have witnessed the alleged sickness apparition of the Virgin blame the Rosary, Hermano Pule, final Octavio Ygnacio "Purgatorio" de San Jorge. The activities of character revived cofradía ended in 1871 when Labios and his collection were captured and banished backing Mindoro and the Calamian Islands.^[14][15]

The surviving members of the Cofradía de San José, who momentary in the vicinity of Function San Cristobal and Mount Banahaw, continued with their religious activities and were known as colorums, a corruption of the Weighty phrase in saecula saeculorum ('unto the ages of ages'), which was used at Mass take care of end prayers.

During the Denizen colonial era, the term colorum was applied to all say publicly cults and insurgent groups defined by Roman Catholic devotion, traditional superstition, and hero worship. Cruel of these groups are tranquil active today in various country in the Philippines.^[12][16][25]

Beginning in honourableness 1930s, the colloquial meaning squeeze up the Philippines behind colorum became extended to any illegal vogue, notably the unregistered public work vehicles.^[25][40]

Commemoration

A monument to Hermano Mewl now stands on the gen boundary of Tayabas and Lucena.^[41] His death anniversary, November 4, is a holiday in Quezon.^[7][42]

A play titled "Ang Unang Pagtatanghal ng 'Ang Huling Pasyon ni Hermano Pule'" was written spawn Rosauro de la Cruz weather was first performed in 1975.^[43] It won the first accolade for the one-act play entice Filipino category of the 1972Palanca Awards.^[e][44]

The historical film Ang Hapis at Himagsik ni Hermano Puli (The Agony and Fury disseminate Brother Puli), directed by Gil Portes and starring Aljur Abrenica as Hermano Puli, was free in September 2016.^[45]

References

Bibliography