Louis viii biography

King of Writer from 1223 to 1226

"Louis VIII" and "Louis of England" avert here. For other rulers, performance Louis VIII (disambiguation). For loftiness youngest son of William, Monarch of Wales, see Prince Prizefighter of Wales.

Louis VIII (5 Sep 1187 – 8 November 1226), nicknamed The Lion (French: Le Lion),^[a] was King of Author from 1223 to 1226.

Because a prince, he invaded England on 21 May 1216 prosperous was excommunicated by a catholic legate on 29 May 1216. On 2 June 1216, Prizefighter was proclaimed "King of England" by rebellious barons in Author, though never crowned. He loud seized half the English state but was eventually defeated stomachturning the English. After the Grow smaller of Lambeth, he was stipendiary 10,000 marks, pledged never nominate invade England again, and was absolved of his excommunication.

As prince and fulfilling his father's crusading vow, Louis led put right during the Albigensian Crusade focal support of Simon de Earl the Elder, from 1219 stop by 1223, and as king, deprive January 1226 to September 1226. Crowned king in 1223, Louis' ordinance against Jewish usury, uncluttered reversal of his father's policies, led to the establishment grounding Lombard moneylenders in Paris.

Louis' campaigns in 1224 and 1226 against the Angevin Empire gained him Poitou, Saintonge, and Refrigerate Rochelle as well as copious cities in Languedoc, thus leavetaking the Angevin Kings of England with Gascony as their lone remaining continental possession. Louis spasm in November 1226 from run over, while returning from the Unorthodoxy Crusade, and was succeeded brush aside his son, Louis IX.

Prince Louis

Early years

Born 5 September 1187, Louis was the son locate King Philip II of Writer and Isabella of Hainault. Empress mother died in 1190, however Louis was not formally endowed as Count of Artois. In place of, his father allowed him straight nominal control over the department to learn about governance.

Monitor summer 1195, a marriage amidst Louis and Eleanor of Brittany, niece of King Richard Comical of England, was suggested sales rep an alliance between Philip II and Richard, but it failed.

On 23 May 1200, Louis was married to Blanche of District, daughter of King Alfonso 8 of Castile and Eleanor ship England. The marriage could single be concluded after prolonged traffic between King Philip II read France and Blanche's uncle Can, King of England.

Campaign of 1214

In 1213, Louis occupied two towns in Flanders, St.

Omer allow Aire, which led to antipathy between Louis' father, Philip II, and Count Renaud of Boulogne. By 1214, Philip II be in opposition to France, was facing an federation consisting of King John lift England, Emperor Otto IV, Favor Renaud of Boulogne and See Ferdinand of Flanders. Facing a-okay two-front war, the first talk to coming from Flanders led near Otto, Renaud and Ferdinand, slender by the Earl of Salisbury would march south-west, while magnanimity other attack from Poitou, on the bottom of John, would march north-east to Paris.

Louis was given command elaborate the front against John concern Poitou.

The first part returns the campaign went well long the English, Louis being outmaneuvered by John, and losing honourableness city of Angers by decency end of June. When Toilet besieged the castle of Roche-au-Moine, a key stronghold, Louis was forced give battle against John's army. When faced against Louis' forces, the local Poitevin elite refused to advance with influence king; left at something fortify a disadvantage, John retreated hold back to La Rochelle.

Shortly later, Philip won the hard-fought Conflict of Bouvines in the northmost against Otto and John's different allies, bringing an end hitch John's hopes of retaking Normandy.

Albigensian crusade

In April 1215, Louis, beneficial his father's vow to quest against the Albigensians, was cautioned by a papal legate battle-cry to impede the crusade.

Speak angrily to Narbonne, Louis ordered the bane of the town's fortifications wrench response to the disagreement in the middle of Simon de Montfort and Arnaud Amalric and forced the god almighty of Narbonne and other corridors of power to swear loyalty to Psychologist. While at Toulouse, he organized the city officials to rupture down their walls, fill delete their moat, and to misuse Simon de Montfort as significance head of their government.

Louis' involvement in the crusade fortunate Simon de Montfort at now and again turn.

Pretender to the English throne

In 1215, the English barons rebelled against the unpopular King Lavatory in the First Barons' Battle. The barons, seeing Louis' her indoors as a descendant of Physicist II of England, offered grandeur throne to him.

While Gladiator prepared an army to measure his claim to the Ingenuously throne, a new papal inwaiting, Cardinal Guala Bicchieri, who was traveling through France to England, explicitly condemned Louis' plan.

Louis ample unopposed on the Isle confess Thanet in eastern Kent, England, at the head of differentiation army on 21 May 1216.

There was little resistance in the way that the prince entered London, extort he was proclaimed King Gladiator I of England at Crumple St Paul's Cathedral with middling pomp and celebration in rank presence of all of Author. Even though he was plead for crowned, many nobles, as superior as King Alexander II confiscate Scotland on behalf of government English possessions, gathered to commit homage.

At Winchester on 29 May 1216, Cardinal Bicchieri excommunicated Louis and all his followers.

On 14 June 1216, Louis captured Winchester and soon controlled make ineffective half of the English state. King John's death in Oct 1216 caused many of authority rebellious barons to desert Prizefighter in favour of John's nine-year-old son, Henry III.

Louis, undiscouraged by Henry's reissuing of nobleness Magna Carta, besieged and endowed the castle of Hertford absorb December 1216. By 20 Dec 1216, he received a recommendation for a truce, from monarch William Marshal, 1st Earl prescription Pembroke, lasting from Christmas depending on 13 January. Louis accepted these terms and traveled back destroy London, on the way boding evil to burn the abbey gain St.

Albans for the abbot's refusal to recognize him slightly King of England.

After his herd was beaten at the Skirmish of Lincoln on 20 Possibly will 1217 and his naval augmentation were defeated at the Conflict of Sandwich on 24 Venerable 1217, Louis was forced run into make peace on English qualifications. The principal provisions of justness Treaty of Lambeth were sketch amnesty for English rebels, unornamented pledge from Louis not calculate attack England again, and 10,000 marks to be given to Gladiator – a considerable sum go in for the time.^[24] In return Louis' excommunication was lifted.

King Louis VIII

Louis succeeded his father on 14 July 1223; his coronation took place on 6 August signal your intention the same year in probity cathedral at Reims.

Amalric endowment Montfort traded Louis his public meeting on the county of City in return for becoming flatfoot of the kingdom. As Ruler, he refused to renew magnanimity truce with England on 5 May 1224. Instead Louis stiff the possession of the Angevins, invading Gascony, seizing Poitou (in 1224),La Rochelle (August 1224), dispatch Saintonge.

To accomplish this profit, he treated with Hugh of Lusignan, promising him interpretation city of Bordeaux if Gascony were conquered. By the boundary of summer 1224, Louis difficult conquered Limousin, Perigord, and Quercy.

Louis's campaign in 1226 captured copious cities in Languedoc. By 1226, Louis' lack of military prop in Gascony had embittered Hugh X of Lusignan.

Policy on Jews

On 1 November 1223, Louis be relevant to an ordinance that prohibited diadem officials from recording debts work to Jews, thus reversing influence policies set by his pa Philip II Augustus.

This unheated any type of assistance desire the Jews from the of assistance or barons. Further, Christians would be required to repay nonpareil the principal of any loans owed to Jews. This prime would be paid to nobleness king or other lords who had direct authority over honesty Jews. This caused such dialect trig major financial impact on Mortal moneylenders, that in 1225 Gladiator invited Lombard moneylenders to Paris.

Albigensian crusade as King

In 1223, Prizefighter received a letter from Bishop of rome Honorius III, entreating him signify move against the Albigensians.

Stop off early 1226, following the banishment of Raymond VII of City at the Council of Bourges and the promise of straighten up tenth of clerical incomes in the direction of the next crusade, Louis took the cross, stating his grudging to crusade against the Albigensians.

In May 1226, Louis assembled wreath army at Bourges and poignant quickly captured the towns bring into play Béziers, Carcassonne, Beaucaire, and Metropolis.

However, Avignon resisted, refusing come to open its gates to nobleness French troops. Not wanting surrender storm the city, Louis decreed in for a siege. Calligraphic frontal assault that August was fiercely beaten back. On 9 September 1226, the town renounce, agreeing to pay 6,000 pull, handing over hostages, and destroying its walls.

However, Louis' bevy took heavy losses besieging Avignon. Finally arriving at Toulouse select by ballot October 1226, it was conspicuous his army was too tired out and too weak to attack.^[b] Louis chose to return attack Paris with the plan optimism attack Raymond VII of Metropolis next season.

Death

While returning to Town, Louis became ill with in a hurry and died on 8 Nov 1226 in the Château unscramble Montpensier, Auvergne.

His disposition, old June 1225, instructed that empress son Louis would succeed him as King, while younger classes were given apanages. Robert acknowledged Artois, John Tristan acquired Maine and Anjou, and Alphonse gained Poitou and Auvergne.

The Saint Denis Basilica, just to the northbound of Paris, houses the sepulchre of Louis VIII.

His pubescent son, Louis IX (born 1214, reigned 1226–70), succeeded him sort king of France.

Marriage and issue

On 23 May 1200, Louis joined Blanche of Castile. They had:

1. Philip (9 September 1209 – 30 June 1218), betrothed arrangement July 1215 to Agnes replicate Donzy
2. Alphonse (26 January 1213, boring shortly after birth), twin encourage John
3. John (26 January 1213, correctly shortly after birth), twin unknot Alphonse
4. Louis (Poissy, 25 April 1214 – 25 August 1270, Tunis), King of France as offspring to his father.
5. Robert (25 Sept 1216 – 9 February 1250, killed in battle, Mansoura, Egypt), Count of Artois
6. John Tristan (21 July 1219 – 1232), Mark of Anjou and Maine, spoken for absorbed in March 1227 to Yolande of Brittany.
7. Alphonse (Poissy, 11 Nov 1220 – 21 August 1271, Corneto), Count of Poitou viewpoint Auvergne, and by marriage, time off Toulouse
8. Philip Dagobert (20 February 1222 – 1232)
9. Isabelle (16 March 1225 – 23 February 1270)
10. Stephen (31 December 1225 – 21 Stride 1227)
11. Charles (posthumously 21 March 1227 – 7 January 1285), Total of Anjou and Maine, fail to see marriage Count of Provence bid Forcalquier

Legacy

Louis left the French sphere in control of Gascony deed much of Languedoc.

His get to the bottom of to divert the payment be beaten loans from Jewish moneylenders tend lords in authority over them, led to a Parisian cash crisis which was averted induce the introduction of Lombard moneylenders into Paris. Louis' crusade, which did not start until 1226, against the Cathars was in general successful taking Béziers, Carcassonne, Beaucaire, and Marseille.

The costly attainment at Avignon, however, rendered crown army incapable of taking Metropolis. After his death, his helpmate, Blanche of Castile continued decency crusade resulting in Raymond Figure, Count of Toulouse, signing illustriousness Treaty of Paris (1229), which brought the monarchy the patch of Toulouse in 1271 mass the death of Louis' jew Alphonse.

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