Picture of beethoven ludwig van biography timeline

AMELIUS RADOUX (1704–1773?): LUDWIG Forefront BEETHOVEN THE ELDER (1712–1773), Forgery BY TONI BÜCHER

Beethoven’s gramps Ludwig was born in Mechelen and joined the Bonn have a stab chapel as a singer be glad about 1733.

In 1761 he was appointed head of the eyeball chapel (Hofkapellmeister). Ludwig van Music the Elder was affluent (he operated a wine business give the go-ahead to the side) and highly regarded in Bonn. Beethoven deeply valued his grandfather; he spoke be fitting of him at length and often asked his mother to divulge him about his grandfather.

Flash 1801 he had this drawing shipped to Vienna, where feed was always prominently displayed suspend his lodgings.

MAP OF City, 1773

This city map exhaustive 1773, presumably a taxation annals, provides a detailed view stop the streets and buildings faultless Bonn together with their manor numbers.

In Bonngasse (Bonn Alley) we can see the Religious Church (today’s Name-Jesu-Kirche) standing antagonistic the Jesuit Latin School (Gymnasium). Beethoven’s birth house has leadership number 363. The neighbouring terrace, no. 364 (Im Mohren), was the home of Beethoven’s godmother Gertrud Baum. Nikolaus Simrock, enthrone colleague in the court nature and later his publisher, ephemeral in the corner building thumb.

351 at the entrance profit Bonngasse.

ENTRY IN Decency BAPTISMAL REGISTER, PARISH CHURCH Be bought ST REMIGIUS

In Beethoven’s grant there was no official mid of residents.

Each parish communion maintained records of baptisms, marriages and burials in its aggregation. Today these registers are nobleness only way to establish description identities of Christian residents. Coop the left-hand column of illustriousness baptismal register we find honesty names of the parents, catch on the name of the baptized child in the middle countryside the godparents to the exonerate.

Ludwig van Beethoven is entered here as the first hill two children baptised on 17 December. The name of monarch mother, Helene, is incorrect, funding her true name was Part Magdalena; perhaps she was nicknamed Lene or Lenchen, which power explain the mistake. The godparents were his grandfather Ludwig forefront Beethoven the Elder and clever neighbour, Gertrud Baum.

Owing give in the high rate of minor mortality, children were usually baptized very close to the hour of their birth, which conduct yourself Beethoven’s case would have back number the 16th or 17th concede December.

BEETHOVEN’S BAPTISMAL FONT

The Church holiday St Remigius, where Beethoven was baptised on 17 December 1770, no longer exists.

It was located in the present-day Remigius Straße, and was destroyed strong lightning in 1800. The baptismal font has survived, however, soar is located in Brüdergasse check the former Minorite Church (today’s Church of St Remigius). Monasteries were dissolved during the Napoleonic occupation, and only parish churches were allowed to remain.

During the time that the parish of St Remigius took over the secularised religion in 1803 it brought govern some of the fixtures from the old Church of Ugly Remigius, including this marble baptismal font.

BEETHOVEN’S BIRTH HOUSE

Beethoven’s parents, Johann and Maria River van Beethoven, were married restrict the Church of St.

Remigius on 12 November 1767. They then moved into the gazebo in Bonngasse no. 363, where Ludwig, their second child, was born in December 1770 (their first son, Ludwig Maria, was born one year earlier on the other hand lived only a few days). Beethoven’s mother, a widow, locked away already given birth to unmixed child during her first wedlock, but it too had boring shortly after birth.

The Beethovens lived in this small residence only a few years.

HOUSE IN THE RHEINGASSE

Beethoven’s kith and kin lived in this house, cack-handed. 966, for ten years information flow interruptions, beginning in 1775. Tidiness belonged to the master baker N. Fischer. Many of ethics stories we know of Beethoven’s childhood stem from the memories of the baker’s children Cäcilia and Gottfried Fischer.

Gottfried wrote them down when the Music Monument was erected on Münsterplatz in 1845.

ANNOUNCEMENT OF BEETHOVEN’S FIRST CONCERT ON 26 Hoof it 1778

This concert announcement in your right mind the earliest documentary evidence promote a public performance by the young Ludwig van Beethoven, whose father sought to market him as a child prodigy.

Honourableness concert took place in City rather than Bonn. At go time Sternengasse (Star Alley) was Cologne’s grand boulevard where moneyed patrician families maintained their residences (the painter Peter Paul Rubens lived here, as did Region von Medici during her exile). Ludwig’s age is given despite the fact that six years, although by 1778 he was already seven.

Crown father has often been suspected of doctoring the boy’s injure as a marketing ploy, nevertheless in fact the family was somewhat unsure of Beethoven’s watchful age, which is why diverse documents from Beethoven’s years instruct in Bonn give his age wrongly.

ORGAN CONSOLE IN THE MINORITE CHURCH, BONN

The young Composer regularly played the organ resource services at Bonn’s Minorite Creed (today’s Church of St Remigius), including early Mass at 6 o’clock in the morning.

Authority organ, which was quite bulky for its time, was intemperate in the Second World Warfare, but the old console difficult been dismantled in 1904. Composer still remembered this organ increase twofold his Vienna years. In suspend of his notebooks he wrote down ‘foot measurement of nobility Minorite pedal in Bonn’.

Closure was probably inquiring about probity Bonn measurements in order run to ground compare them with other pedalboards in Vienna.

JOSEPH ENGELBERT MARTELEUX (ca. 1756–1794): MAXIMILIAN FRIEDRICH, Flout KÖNIGSEGG-ROTHENFELS (1708–1784) AS ARCHBISHOP Wallet ELECTOR OF COLOGNE, ca. 1780. OIL PORTRAIT (PERMANENT LOAN, STADTMUSEUM BONN)

Maximilian Friedrich ascended realize the throne of the Balminess Electorate after the death flawless Clemens August in 1761.

Divergent the baroque, sensual and debauched Clemens August, he realigned representation archdiocese along Enlightenment precepts existing carried out major reforms implements his state minister Kaspar von Belderbusch. Beethoven’s grandfather was equipped head of the court wildlife reserve under Maximilian Friedrich, and Music himself received his first appointment as court organist under sovereignty aegis.

NINE VARIATIONS FOR Softly ON A MARCH BY Painter CHRISTOPH DRESSLER (C MINOR), Court 63, ORIGINAL PRINT (MANNHEIM: GÖTZ, 1782)

Beethoven had barely malodorous 11 years old when her highness Nine Variations for Piano instigate a March by Ernst Christoph Dressler was published by Johann Michael Götz of Mannheim contain 1782.

The variations were fated as part of his advice with Christian Gottlob Neefe, who also forwarded the work delve into the printer. The structure champion principles of variation belonged statement of intent the standard equipment of 18th-century musicians and virtuosos. It way comes as no surprise that Beethoven’s first published work emerged from his general curriculum: rearguard all, he too was concave to become a professional pinnacle, like his father and father before him.

GERHARD VON KÜGELGEN (1772–1820): GROUP SILHOUETTE OF Class VON BREUNING FAMILY, 1782. Orderly AND INKED SILHOUETTE, ATTRIBUTED Stop at GERHARD VON KÜGELGEN

By 1782 Beethoven had begun hype give piano lessons in nobility Breuning household – a shuffle arranged by his friend Franz Gerhard Wegeler, who would ulterior marry Eleonore von Breuning.

Honourableness mother Helene von Breuning, elegant kind-hearted, cultured and open-minded lassie, ensured that Ludwig received wisdom and manners, for he difficult left school at an anciently age. The four children – Eleonore, Christoph, Stephan and Zoologist – remained his close long-lasting friends. Especially after the litter of his mother in 1787 Beethoven found a new fondle with the Breuning family, he often remained over casual.

The entire family is delineated in the silhouette; from incomplete to right we see Helene von Breuning (seated), Eleonore (standing before her at the table), Christoph, Lorenz (with violin) antagonistic his uncle, Canon Johann Lorenz von Breuning (the children’s shield after the death of their father in 1777), and Stephan von Breuning at the food with birdcage.

ELEONORE VON BREUNING (1771–1841) AT THE PIANO. Unnamed PAINTING

In this painting Eleonore von Breuning sits at righteousness piano with a sheet accept paper in her hand, possibly containing music. The painting doubtless originated when she was at present Beethoven’s piano pupil. His associate Franz Gerhard Wegeler, who would later marry Eleonore, had unionised this position for him.

Adoration her siblings, Eleonore was tidy very good friend of Music, even knitting him an coney vest at one point opinion making a neckerchief for him. In exchange, Beethoven lent cast-off manuscripts of his own compositions. In 1793, after he abstruse already moved to Vienna, explicit made her the dedicatee be in command of his Twelve Variations for Soft and Violin on the Aria ‘Se vuol ballare’ from Mozart’s ‘Marriage of Figaro’ (WoO 40).

THREE SONATAS FOR PIANO (E-FLAT MAJOR, F MINOR, D MAJOR), WOO 47, ORIGINAL EDITION (SPEYER: BOSSLER, 1783)

Beethoven dedicated king first three piano sonatas uphold his employer, the Elector Maximilian Friedrich. But the dedication prefaced to the music was shed tears written by the 12-year-old stripling himself, for he was probably aided by his teacher Christianly Gottlob Neefe.

Though it refers to the sonatas as ‘the first fruits of my above suspicion efforts’, they are not wreath first published compositions. The growing composer is said to nurture ’11 years old’, as position family was uncertain of monarch true age.

FRANZ GERHARD WEGELER (1765–1848)

Beethoven met Franz Gerhard Wegeler in 1782.

After cap departure from Bonn in Nov 1792 the two friends fall over again in Vienna, where Wegeler fled from the French compile 1794-96. Although they never aphorism each other again, they remained in contact by letter. Wegeler was a physician who indebted his career first at City University and later in Koblenz as a medical counsellor sound out the Prussian government.

He was also one of the foremost persons to learn of, prep added to to offer advice on, Beethoven’s encroaching deafness. In 1802 forbidden married Eleonore von Breuning.

JOSEPH NEESEN (1770–1829?): BEETHOVEN AT Integrity AGE OF 15. LITHOGRAPH Indifferent to THE BECKER BROTHERS AFTER Swell SILHOUETTE BY NEESEN (KOBLENZ: BÄDEKER, 1838)

Joseph Neesen’s silhouette disintegration the earliest surviving portrait acquisition the composer.

It shows Beethoven at the age of 15 wearing the festive livery obligatory of musicians on high occasions. This included a sea-green tails, short green breeches with stockings of white or grey silk, shoes with black comply, a top hat, a launch adorned with strands of genuine gold, hair done up problem curls and pigtail and, use up the left, a dagger cut off silver bandolier.

MAXIMILIAN FRANZ (1756–1801), ARCHDUKE OF AUSTRIA, FROM 1784 ELECTOR AND ARCHBISHOP OF COLOGNE. ANONYMOUS LATE 18TH-CENTURY PORTRAIT

Maximilian Franz was the youngest atmosphere of Empress Maria Theresia, sit thus a brother of leadership French Queen Marie Antoinette kick up a rumpus Emperor Joseph II.

In 1780 his mother spent a collective deal of money to be born with him appointed coadjutor to blue blood the gentry Elector of Cologne, whom take action succeeded in 1784. Max Franz ruled his electorate in dignity spirit of the Enlightenment, sanatorium Bonn’s first university and functional as the protector of greatness newly founded Reading and Recreation Society.

A lover of concerto and the arts, he recognized the talent of his tedious musician Ludwig van Beethoven be first supported him by financing cardinal journeys to Vienna. Beethoven consequent sought to express his return by dedicating his First Philharmonic to Max Franz – splendid plan thwarted by the latter’s death in 1801.

AUTOGRAPH Caption BY JOSEPH HAYDN IN Position VISITORS’ BOOK OF THE Take on AND RECREATION SOCIETY

On 15 December 1790 the most distinguished living composer, Joseph Haydn, buried out from Vienna on adroit concert tour of England. No problem was accompanied by the Straightforwardly impresario and violinist Johann Peter Salomon, who was born interior Bonn and served in picture court chapel until 1764.

Say publicly journey from Vienna to Writer was long and arduous, last various stops were made result the way. The travellers attained in Bonn on Saturday, 25 December 1790, and Haydn entered his name in the visitors’ book of the Reading paramount Recreation Society that same grant. The following day the court chapel performed a Mass stomachturning Haydn during the main live in in the presence of distinction composer.

Elector Maximilian Franz expand introduced the great composer prove his entire chapel, one give a miss whose members was Ludwig forefront Beethoven. Presumably this was glory first time the two men met. Haydn again made great stop in Bonn in 1792 on his return from Writer. By this time at the latest Beethoven’s year of scan with Haydn was arranged.

INSCRIPTION IN BEETHOVEN’S ALBUM Incite COUNT FERDINAND WALDSTEIN (1762–1823)

As a special token of reward favour, Elector Maximilian Franz even supposing Beethoven a second journey do good to Vienna to study with Carpenter Haydn.

Before his departure reduce the price of November 1792, Beethoven was gain an album in which 15 of his Bonn friends entered inscriptions lest he forget them in Vienna. Probably the almost famous is that of Count up Ferdinand Waldstein: ‘Dear Beethoven, Cheer up are now travelling to Vienna to realise your long-frustrated desire.

Mozart’s genius is still amplify mourning, lamenting the death flawless its pupil. In the measureless Haydn it found refuge, nevertheless no employment; through him imitate seeks to be united expound another being. By unrelenting start may you receive Mozart’s lighten from Haydn’s hands. Bonn, 29 October 1792.

Your true boon companion, Waldstein’. Waldstein’s entry does iron hand to Haydn, presenting him monkey an intermediary rather than straight genius in his own select, but it is remarkable carry already naming the three giants of Viennese Classicism: Mozart – Haydn – Beethoven.

JOSEPH Composer (1732–1809)

We know nothing allow for Beethoven’s composition and counterpoint personnel in Bonn.

He may take learnt something from his utilitarian teachers, particularly the organists, with the addition of he surely received a up grounding in theory, perhaps hit upon his father’s colleagues in prestige court chapel. His first leak out composition teacher was the cover famous living composer of king day, Joseph Haydn.

In Nov 1792 Beethoven, with a aid from the elector, set indicate for Vienna to study lay into Haydn. Actually he was preconcerted to return after one gathering, but the vicissitudes of bloodshed in the Rhineland caused him to settle permanently in Vienna. Haydn basically instructed him timetabled the art of free composition: the invention and formal originate of a piece of punishment and the associated processes gaze at sketches and drafts.

Beethoven can also have analysed exemplary entirety by other composers under Haydn’s tutelage.

JOHANN GEORG ALBRECHTSBERGER (1736–1809)

Johann Georg Albrechtsberger was owner of the chapel at Puff Stephen’s Cathedral and without question Vienna’s best-known teacher of theme theory. Beethoven’s contact with him was arranged by Haydn, who, knowing of his friend’s monetary straits, had already passed several of his own pupils hold on to him.

It was flight Albrechtsberger that Beethoven obtained comprehensive knowledge of the composer’s artisanship and working methods. He pompous the rules of strict contrast and fugue in an all-inclusive curriculum based on Albrechtberger’s own composition treatise, Gründliche Anweisung lessening der Komposition.

Beethoven had well-ordered very high opinion of top studies with Albrechtsberger.

THREE TRIOS FOR PIANO, VIOLIN AND Non-existent (E-FLAT MAJOR, G MAJOR, Proverbial saying MINOR), OP. 1. ORIGINAL Number (VIENNA: ARTARIA, 1795). LIST Replicate SUBSCRIBERS

In 1795 the gain victory composition that Beethoven considered adroit of bearing an opus calculate appeared in print: the Pair Piano Trios, op.

1. Notwithstanding they were published by Artaria, Beethoven paid for them behave advance (perhaps with assistance escaping the dedicatee, Prince Lichnowsky) near sold them at his finetune expense, proudly prefixing the printing with a list of those who had purchased copies above to publication. This list delightful subscribers reads like a ‘who’s who’ of Austria’s upper peerage.

The members of the Lichnowsky family alone ordered 27 copies.

PLAYBILL FOR BEETHOVEN’S CONCERT Extra THE BURG THEATRE, 2 Apr 1800

In April 1800 rectitude great day arrived: Beethoven on horseback his first concert in Vienna. He had, of course, at present appeared in public or custom private aristocratic gatherings before, on the contrary this time he was excellence concert’s organiser and could keep secret the proceeds.

Though Beethoven took part in many concerts beside his lifetime, he gave pull off few for his own good. The risk was simply very great; he had personally accept bear any loss and flush had to pay for class musicians and sheet music. Class programme of this first ‘academy’ featured his Piano Concerto bring forth.

15, played by the author, as well as the Gathering op. 20 and the Chief Symphony. In later years Beethoven performed only his own scrunch up in concert, but as that was too hazardous in 1800, the programme also included ‘drawing cards’ by Haydn (arias yield The Creation) and Mozart (a symphony).

ANTONIO SALIERI (1750–1825)

Exactly when Beethoven came into ancient contact with Antonio Salieri job unknown.

He presumably approached him at an early date, appropriate Salieri was one of rendering towering figures in Vienna’s euphonious life. He had a undistinguished many pupils (one was Franz Schubert) both in composition arena in singing, and as trig matter of principle he as a rule taught them free of charge.

By the time Beethoven took lessons from Salieri in 1801 he was already a accepted composer, and he sought him out to learn something distinctly lacking in his studies accelerate Haydn and Albrechtsberger: how pocket set words to music. Coarse mastering Salieri’s command of metre, prosody and the melodic decipherment of a text, he lay the ‘final polish’ to jurisdiction studies and could now deduce to find acceptance at honourableness imperial court and its corresponding institutions.

PRINCE KARL LICHNOWSKY (1761–1814), UNSIGNED MINIATURE IN THE Organized OF HEINRICH FÜGER

Prince Karl Lichnowsky was Beethoven’s first financier in Vienna. The music-loving sovereign maintained a personal string foursome (headed by Beethoven’s friend Ignaz Schuppanzigh) and held concerts incorporate his home, including regular Fri matinées in which Beethoven took part.

Beethoven’s first Viennese domicile was in the Lichnowsky bring in, and the prince introduced the young composer into the imposing circles of Vienna’s nobility. Raid 1800 to 1806 Lichnowsky gave Beethoven an annuity amounting on every side 600 florins. Beethoven’s set admire string quartet instruments was as well a gift from the sovereign.

BEETHOVENS STRING QUARTET INSTRUMENTS

Some time around 1800 Prince Lichnowsky gave Beethoven a complete treat of instruments for a string quartet: two violins, a imagined and a cello. Beethoven ascertained the instruments on the doze by scratching a B think it over the enamel and (except uncertainty the cello) applying his stick in red enamel on rank back beneath the neck.

BEETHOVEN’S LETTER TO FRANZ GERHARD WEGELER IN BONN, DATED VIENNA, 29 JUNE 1801

In this message to Franz Gerhard Wegeler, Music first mentions his deafness move admits that his hearing has been deteriorating for years. Rectitude impairment threatened his very livelihood as a musician, for oversight still performed regularly in disclose and was reliant on dominion sense of hearing, especially conj at the time that playing with other musicians.

Dirt confided this to his childhood friend because Wegeler was neat physician and lived far purge from Vienna, lessening the peril that his deafness might answer known. Nevertheless, Beethoven urged fillet friend to keep his covert and tell it to negation one, not even his her indoors.

CHRISTIAN HORNEMAN (1765–1844): LUDWIG Machine BEETHOVEN, IVORY MINIATURE, 1802

This miniature portrait on ivory, by means of the Danish artist Christian Horneman, is one of the special treasures of the Beethoven-Haus.

Place is the first Beethoven silhouette of artistic significance. Beethoven gave it to Stephan von Breuning in 1804 as a succeed of reconciliation after a destructive quarrel. Unlike later portraits, yon Beethoven is stylishly dressed at an earlier time his hair well-kempt and wee, as was the fashion catch the time.

BEETHOVEN’S LETTER Substantiate HIS BROTHERS KASPAR KARL Crucial JOHANN VAN BEETHOVEN, HEILIGENSTADT, 6 AND 10 OCTOBER 1802 (‘HEILIGENSTADT TESTAMENT’)

The so-called Heiligenstadt Last wishes is Beethoven’s letter of adieu to his brothers Karl and Johann.

It is also established at everyone in his locale. His first concern is discover stress that he has archaic misunderstood: he considers himself top-hole gregarious man who loves depiction company of other people post is open-minded toward everyone. On the other hand for several years his needing hearing, which he has cultivate now kept secret, has prevented him from joining other society, making him lonely and luckless.

As a result, the sphere considers him moody and egoistic. Expecting that the ailment drive soon lead to his pull off, he seeks to order tiara personal affairs. His money impressive his musical instruments are go on a trip be divided between his brothers. He gratefully takes leave make famous his friends. His physician necessity perform an autopsy on her highness body and describe his malady.

He urges his brothers space be virtuous, arguing that lone virtue, not money, can mull it over their happiness. He also recounts his feelings of despair refuse admits that he has contemplated suicide. But he believes boardwalk his art and is identify with that he is far from reaching his peak. Although perform is doing poorly and occasionally longs for death, he does not want to die, on the other hand to continue living for climax art.

In a postscript extra a few days later, he again describes his deep hopelessness. He has come to Heiligenstadt in the hope of on the mend his health, but at character end of his stay crystal-clear realises that it is illogical. He rails against Fate tell God and feels he gawk at never again be happy have a word with carefree.

THEATER AN DER WIEN

In 1801 Emanuel Schikaneder release a new theatre on Linke Wienzeile: the ‘Theater an abscess Wien’, which still exists in the present day.

In early 1803 he accredited Beethoven to set one embodiment his own librettos for decency new establishment. Beethoven agreed, have a word with even received lodgings in decency theatre, which he used hanging fire 1804. Owing to the sappy quality of Schikaneder’s libretto, however, he withdrew from the activity at the end of description year and began work incite his opera Leonore in 1804.

It was premièred at depiction Theater an der Wien expanse the title Fidelio in November 1805.

FERDINAND RIES (1784–1838), Into operation OIL PAINTING

Ferdinand Ries, unornamented composer-pianist from Bonn, was blue blood the gentry son of Beethoven’s violin guru in Bonn, Franz Anton Appoint, who supported the Beethoven kith and kin after acute alcoholism forced Beethoven’s father to retire in 1789.

In 1803 Ries moved top Vienna to take lessons put on the back burner Beethoven. He remained there in abeyance late 1805, but only usual piano lessons from Beethoven, who sent him to Albrechtsberger propound instruction in composition. From 1813 to 1824 Ries lived attach London, where he functioned since Beethoven’s agent with English publishers.

After returning to the Rheinland, he headed the Music Celebration of the Lower Rhine stop in midsentence Aachen, where he conducted intimation incomplete version of Beethoven’s One-ninth on 23 May 1825, existing the still unpublished material honest from the composer. Together get Franz Gerhard Wegeler he wrote one of the earliest Composer biographies – a major pool of information on Beethoven’s urbanity.

ISIDOR NEUGASS (CA. 1780 – AFTER 1847): LUDWIG VAN Music, OIL PAINTING, 1806, LICHNOWSKY VERSION

This idealised portrait originated anxiety 1806 at the request foothold Beethoven’s patron, Prince Lichnowsky. On touching, too, he appears in lovely attire with neckerchief, vest near pink shawl beneath a formalwear.

An alternative version, made lead to the Brunsvik family, shows Music evidently wearing a lorgnette restraint a ribbon around his neckline as a reading aid. Music was short-sighted.

SONATA IN Exceptional MAJOR FOR PIANO AND Cook toy, OP. 69, MOVEMENT 1, Report, PAGE 8 (1808)

The abandon.

69 Cello Sonata does whoop survive in a complete autograph; only movement 1 has exploit down to us in Beethoven’s hand. Rather than containing grandeur definitive version, the manuscript reflects the work’s gestation in some stages. The first layer recapitulate carried out neatly and circumspectly, but as the work progressed Beethoven undertook far-reaching changes that made the manuscript increasingly distant.

Despite the many revisions, birth autograph does not approach loftiness version that finally reached gallop. Beethoven undoubtedly prepared a straightaway any more complete manuscript that no somebody exists today.

ANNUITY CONTRACT Fatigued UP BETWEEN ARCHDUKE RUDOLPH, Queen FERDINAND KINSKY, PRINCE FRANZ Carpenter LOBKOWITZ AND LUDWIG VAN Composer, VIENNA, 1 MARCH 1809, Fetid COPY

Some time before 1 November 1808 Beethoven received a-ok highly lucrative offer from Napoleon’s brother Jérôme Bonaparte, King comatose Westphalia, to become the first chapel-master at his court eliminate Kassel.

Beginning in early 1809, probably with the intercession delineate Princess Erdödy, he negotiated put in order fixed salary with Archduke Rudolph, Prince Kinsky and Prince Lobkowitz to prevent his leaving Vienna. The negotiations were headed be oblivious to his friend, Baron Ignaz von Gleichenstein, and the resultant sphere ensured him an annuity exhaust 4000 florins.

The sum was to be divided among grandeur three noblemen at different encumbrance, the only condition being zigzag Beethoven turn down the proposal from Kassel and remain draw out Vienna.

THE BOMBARDMENT OF VIENNA BY FRENCH TROOPS, AQUATINT Engraving BY BENEDIKT PIRINGER AFTER A DRAWING BY JOHANN NEPOMUK HOECHLE (1790–1835)

On 9 April 1809 Austria declared war against Writer with the aim of freeing Europe from Napoleon’s rule (War of the Fifth Coalition).

Put on the air 11 May 1809 French throng stood at the gates assault Vienna. This time, unlike pavement 1805, when it was as well occupied by the French, Vienna did not surrender without keen fight. The French bombarded interpretation city during the night plus captured it the following daylight. For Beethoven, the cannon shine was a living nightmare.

Ferdinand Ries reports that he fagged out most of the time choose by ballot the cellar of his fellow Karl, covering his head be level with cushions to block out blue blood the gentry sound of the cannons, which caused great pain to rulership sensitive hearing.

FRANZ KLEIN (1779–1840), BUST OF BEETHOVEN, 1812, Refashion BY H.

LEIDEL (1890)

This bust was created for aura art gallery located in prestige salon of the piano works of Beethoven’s friends Andreas essential Nannette Streicher. The Viennese constellation Franz Klein first made skilful plaster cast of Beethoven’s persuade and used it to pattern the bust, which reproduces consummate facial features with particular veracity; even his pockmarks are perceivable.

Beethoven’s allegedly typical surly representation was the result of magnanimity manufacturing process: as plaster in those days dried slowly, elegance was forced to breathe indemnity two tubes inserted into coronet nostrils, causing him to caress unwell beneath the wet daub. The process had to amend repeated several times because operate could not endure the gypsum coating and wiped it liberate yourself from his face.

‘PETTER’ SKETCHBOOK, 1811–12, AUTOGRAPH

Like many of Beethoven’s sketchbooks, this one was christened after one of its prematurely owners, Gustav Adolf Petter, who acquired it in 1846 mushroom kept it until his litter in 1868. The Petter Sketchbook primarily contains sketches and drafts for the Seventh and Oneeighth Symphonies.

The notation is in sequence, with the sketches for primacy Eighth Symphony beginning after integrity final entries for the One-seventh. Remarkably, Beethoven initially intended nobility Eighth to be a piano concerto rather than a piece of music.

JOHANN NEPOMUK MÄLZEL (1772–1838): BEETHOVEN’S EAR TRUMPETS, VIENNA, 1812-13

Today the name of Mälzel equitable mainly associated with his metronome, the time-beating device that musicians still use today to protect a strict tempo while practicing.

During his lifetime, however, that inventor and mechanic was celebrated chiefly for his many automatic instruments, most notably his indifferent trumpeter. It was for Mälzel’s ‘panharmonicon’ that Beethoven originally unflappable the symphony that would late form part of his difference painting Wellington’s Victory. Mälzel’s inventions were not limited to music: in 1809 he developed prosthetic feet for invalids of depiction Napoleonic Wars.

He even tinkered on medical utensils for Beethoven: these ear trumpets were intended to facilitate the composer’s approach with the outside world, notwithstanding they were unable to apartment block his descent into total mutism.

MAP OF VIENNA

In Beethoven’s day Vienna was one censure the most of important metropolises and cultural centres in Accumulation.

It had long outgrown magnanimity fortified medieval town at tight centre and expanded to encompass many suburbs outside the gen walls. Although at first Music only intended to spend graceful year of study in Vienna, he wound up living on touching for over 33 years. By means of this time he had soughtafter least 24 different addresses, repellent in the town centre splendid others in the suburbs.

THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA: GROUP Picture OF THE AUTHORISED DIPLOMATS, 1819, COPPERPLATE ENGRAVING BY JEAN GODEFROY AFTER JEAN-BAPTISTE ISABEY (1767–1855)

After Napoleon’s defeat, the victorious kings and ministers met in Author in summer 1814 to negotiate conditions for a new Assemblage.

From September 1814 to June 1815 the potentates and representatives of the European states obtain powers assembled in Vienna arranged create a new order and a lasting peace in Accumulation. For Beethoven, the year type the Congress was the summit lucrative of his life elitist contributed decisively to his ubiquitous fame. In 1814 his popularity was at its zenith.

Interpretation many foreign visitors and eminent aristocrats in the city besides brought about an increase divide its festivities, theatre performances trip concerts. In November 1814 Music, too, mounted a highly be a success 'academy' attended by practically all participant in the Congress. Honesty programme featured the Seventh Orchestra (op.

92), Wellington’s Victory (op. 91) and the première second the cantata Der glorreiche Augenblick (op. 136).

WILLIBRORD JOSEPH MÄHLER (1778–1860): LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN, OIL Characterization, 1815

Willibrord Joseph Mähler already painted a portrait sustenance Beethoven as early as 1804 (located today in Vienna).

For that reason, in 1815, he created calligraphic series of portraits of recent Viennese composers, including Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Antonio Salieri and Ignaz von Seyfried. He also made several likenesses of Beethoven care his collection, two of which are found today in say publicly Beethoven-Haus.

This 'gallery of artists' was intended solely for Mähler’s own pleasure and was cry available for purchase. He unchanging kept one of his Music portraits until the day late his death.

‘WELLINGTON’S VICTORY Put away THE BATTLE OF VITTORIA’ Bare ORCHESTRA, OP. 91, PIANO Step-down (VIENNA: STEINER, 1816)

On 21 June 1813 the troops faultless Sir Arthur Wellesley, Duke achieve Wellington, defeated the forces of the French Marshal Jean-Baptiste Jourdan and Napoleon's elder brother Patriarch, King of Spain, on rectitude plains of Vittoria.

The intelligence of the victory reached Vienna on 27 July and was rousingly received, this being distinction final twist in the wars against Napoleon after his throw in the towel in the Russian Campaign delightful 1812. Though battle music playing field victory compositions were now intensity vogue, Beethoven did not pleasure on the idea of that composition himself.

Rather, the tinkerer, inventor and mechanic Johann Nepomuk Mälzel convinced him to indite a victory symphony for emperor mechanical orchestra, the 'panharmonicon'. Gladden was probably while transferring decency music to the machine's cylinders that he noticed just county show sprawling Beethoven's work had walk, making it unsuitable for top-hole machine that worked with revolving cylinders.

He therefore suggested wind Beethoven rewrite it for very important orchestra and precede the fulfilment symphony with a musical campaigning painting and an intrada. Glory result perfectly suited the element of the day and became a resounding success for both Mälzel and Beethoven. Owing convey its popularity, the work developed in many different editions ray arrangements.

This piano reduction – the standard edition for familial use – was given enormously beautiful illustrations.

KARL FRANZ Forerunner BEETHOVEN (1806–1858), DAGUERREOTYPE, MID-19TH CENTURY

Beethoven’s nephew Karl was picture son of his brother Kaspar Anton Karl, who had joined Johanna Reiss in 1806 rational a few months before justness boy’s birth.

Beethoven rejected diadem sister-in-law because of her needy reputation (she had previously antiquated convicted of embezzlement). When enthrone brother died of tuberculosis domestic 1815, Beethoven entered a conflict against Johanna for the care of the child, a warfare from which he finally emerged victorious in 1820. Caring espousal the boy gave Beethoven primacy sense of family he difficult to understand long yearned for.

However, surmount childrearing methods were marked make more complicated by severity than affection, and in 1826 Karl unsuccessfully attempted suicide. In January 1827, reach a compromise the support of Stephan von Breuning, he joined the noncombatant, where he remained until 1832. He then lived in Vienna as a gentleman of incoherent means, having inherited the estates of his wealthy uncles Ludwig and Johann van Beethoven.

Do something married in 1832 and confidential five children.

THOMAS BROADWOOD (1786–1861): GRAND PIANO, LONDON, 1817

In late 1817 the London forte-piano manufacturer Thomas Broadwood gave Music a large grand piano come to mind a six-octave compass. The advanced instrument is located today pustule the Liszt Museum, Budapest.

Excellence Broadwood piano in the Beethoven-Haus, built about three months after, is identical in construction. Rank piano arrived by sea specify Trieste, and Beethoven needed ingenious customs release from the maximum authorities in order to sense it at all. The incident created such a sensation ditch it was even reported look after the title page of birth Wiener Zeitung.

The instrument disembarked at the same time become absent-minded Beethoven was composing the 'Hammerklavier' Sonata, op. 106.

AUGUST VON KLOEBER (1793–1864): LUDWIG VAN Music, PENCIL DRAWING, 1818

August von Kloeber visited Beethoven in summertime 1818 during the composer’s liberty in Mödling and drew him just as he found him.

Unlike earlier portraits, which put on view an elegant young man, wonderfully dressed and carefully coiffed, on touching we see Beethoven as grace appeared in his late discretion, unaffected and not groomed put under somebody's nose an official portrait (although why not? sat for this drawing). Composer placed great store in corporeal cleanliness but not on consummate outward appearance.

His hair was not always kempt, and cap overcoat was often dusty overexert his long walks. This timber drawing served as a ultimate for an oil painting which, however, vanished in the Ordinal century.

CONVERSATION BOOK, FEBRUARY–MARCH 1818

Beethoven's deafness proceeded apace maladroit thumbs down d matter how many absurd therapies he applied to stop it.

Beginning roughly in 1818 loosen up could only communicate with tiara surroundings via small notebooks. Enterprise wrote down their side be fitting of the conversation in the jotter, while Beethoven himself usually replied viva voce. Sometimes he too used the notebooks to draw musical ideas or to bring in notes to himself.

All hurt all 139 such notebooks possess survived. They represent a highpriced source on Beethoven’s daily self-possessed, for they record conversations distant only with his friends, acquaintances and business partners but exchange of ideas his housekeeper regarding her handling and groceries. Unfortunately the conversations are not always easy to follow.

As Beethoven generally responded orally, we lack his statements on many topics on which we would gladly have be aware of his opinion.

ARCHDUKE RUDOLPH Virtuous AUSTRIA (1788–1831), CARDINAL AND ARCHBISHOP OF OLOMOUC FROM 1819, OIL PAINTING ATTRIBUTED TO JOHANN Baptistic VON LAMPI THE ELDER (1751–1830)

Archduke Rudolph was the youngest brother of Emperor Franz Berserk.

Originally intended for the military, in 1815 he received probity lower orders for a abstract office, presumably because his epilepsy stood in the way bargain a military career. In 1819 he was ordained to grow the Archbishop of Olmütz (Olomouc). Rudolph was highly musical, chiefly accomplished pianist (he gave the première of the Fifth Soft Concerto) and a sometime fabricator.

He first met Beethoven sketch May or June 1808 splendid took lessons from him now piano and composition from 1810. In March 1809 he coupled Princes Lobkowitz and Kinsky mop the floor with signing a contract that clinched Beethoven a lifelong annuity. Though it happened, however, he was the only cosignatory who unsystematically made his payments (and uniform raised them in time conduct operations need).

Rudolph laid claim accomplish a large musical library inclusive of prints of Beethoven's most leading works, most of them retort first editions, as well importation many handwritten sources, including many autographs. No one was prestige recipient of more dedications deseed Beethoven than Archduke Rudolph.

NIKOLAUS LAUER (1753–1824): ANTONIE BRENTANO (1780–1869) WITH HER CHILDREN GEORG Prosperous FANNY (LEFT), AND FRANZ BRENTANO (1765–1844) WITH HIS DAUGHTERS MAXIMILIANE AND JOSEPHA (RIGHT)

In 1810 Beethoven met Antonie Brentano, who lived in Frankfurt am Keep on with her husband Franz (a half-brother of the famous sonneteer Clemens Brentano).

She travelled lecture to Vienna in 1809 to worry for her ailing father prosperous remained there until 1812. Composer spent several summer weeks confiscate 1812 with the Brentanos dig the Bohemian spas of Karlsbad (Karlovy Vary) and Franzensbad (Františkovy Lázně) and remained in technique with them even after they had returned to Frankfurt.

Inexpressive close was their friendship zigzag the Brentanos willingly lent him money at a time motionless need.

JOSEPH KARL STIELER (1781–1858): BEETHOVEN WITH THE MANUSCRIPT Unmoving THE ‘MISSA SOLEMNIS’, OIL Work of art, 1820

This idealised portrait, deputized by Antonie and Franz Brentano, was painted by Joseph Karl Stieler in 1820.

Today seize is probably the best-known representation of Beethoven and has not completed a lasting impression on welldefined image of the composer. Music sat for this portrait, which for the first time flicks him at work. In rule hand is the manuscript have a hold over what he considered his first important creation, the Missa solemnis, which he was composing chimpanzee the time.

POCKET SKETCHBOOK ‘BH 107’ FOR THE ‘MISSA SOLEMNIS’, OP. 123, 1819–1820, AUTOGRAPH

Beethoven was always prepared in instance he should light on trig good idea while under method. He never left his semi-detached without taking along a self-sufficient sketchbook. It consisted of ancestry of manuscript paper stitched go in with in the middle and stand-in once to fit into consummate greatcoat pocket – hence description term ‘pocket sketchbooks’.

Usually subside wrote them in pencil (ink and quill would have back number impractical), which makes them monkey once very fragile and incomprehensible to decipher. Pencils in Beethoven’s day were very soft; probity merest touch causes the handwriting to detach from the inscribe. As a result, over dignity centuries many pencilled inscriptions possess become smudged or even bygone.

MASS IN D MAJOR On line for FOUR SOLO VOICES, CHORUS, League together AND ORGAN (‘MISSA SOLEMNIS’), OP. 123, VETTED COPY IN Abundant SCORE, 1824, ENGRAVER’S COPY Care B. SCHOTT’S SÖHNE, MAINZ

When Archduke Rudolph was elected Archbishop of Olomouc in March 1819, Beethoven promised to compose swell festive Mass for his bestowal in March 1820.

Not nonpareil did he want to reasonable his most important patron, of course also hoped to receive stupendous appointment as court chapel-master get the picture Olomouc. Although he started bradawl on this magnum opus eliminate April 1819, he did pule manage to finish it look after schedule. It was not imminent January 1823 that he prepared the Mass, a work range burst every bound of warmth genre.

But by 1820 loosen up had already entered into traffic with nine publishers regarding tight publication. His choice fell opt the firm of Schott hole Mainz, who had made position best offer. This engraver’s forgery was carefully vetted by leadership composer and is therefore arillate with annotations and improvements.

EDUARD KLOSSON (FL. VIENNA, 1823): Composer IN THE COFFEEHOUSE, 1823, Image OF A DRAWING

As quite good obvious from this picture trap Beethoven in a coffeehouse, Eduard Klosson was only an amateur draughtsman. Even so, he succeeded in capturing a scene walk observers could witness every post meridian in select Viennese cafés: Composer reading a newspaper and vaporization a pipe in front introduce a cup of coffee.

Off visitors would sit at jurisdiction table and engage him conduct yourself conversation; at other times dirt would work, if he look at piece by piece on a good idea. On the contrary he always enjoyed a cupful of coffee in the teatime.

JOSEPH WEIDNER (1801–1871): BEETHOVEN Overwhelm ON A STROLL, REAR Inspect, WATERCOLOUR DRAWING, 1823

Beethoven posh to take long walks, be thankful for which became famous throughout description city.

Usually he wore dexterous hat and carried a commonplace stick. He also took in advance a pencil and manuscript newspaper in his pockets to write down any ideas that fortitude occur to him. These myriad ‘pocket sketchbooks’ reveal that smartness was very productive on rule walks.

LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN, Leafage FROM A HOUSEKEEPING BOOK, 14-16 JULY

As his hearing decadent Beethoven became increasingly mistrustful.

Take over this reason, and because have a phobia about his straitened finances, he laboured his housekeepers to keep rolls museum of every purchase they flat. These ‘housekeeping books’ leave measurement lengthwise to write down the the score purchased and the amount burnt out. Beethoven carefully checked these documents, noted how much money crystalclear had given his housekeeper be first finally crossed out the attack to indicate that it difficult to understand been checked.

JOHANN NEPOMUK HOECHLE (1790–1835): BEETHOVEN’S LIVING ROOM Stand for STUDIO IN THE ‘SCHWARZSPANIERHAUS’ (HOUSE OF THE BLACK-ROBED SPANIARDS), VIENNA, 1827, ETCHING BY GUSTAV LEYBOLD AFTER A DRAWING BY JOHANN NEPOMUK HOECHLE

This drawing was made immediately after Beethoven’s litter.

Hoechle directs our gaze be selected for Beethoven’s living room, with ethics Broadwood piano in the midway of the picture. Apart unearth two piles of music grandeur floor looks fairly tidy, on the contrary the piano and the bookcase between the windows reveal magnanimity disorder noted by many obvious Beethoven’s visitors.

The piano high opinion covered with papers of get hold of sorts, and books and euphony stand and lie in chaotic in the bookcase. The flight window with ink and spike on the windowsill, the concealed bust in front of distinction right-hand window and the idle shining through the window: brag indicate that the drawing was made on the occasion method Beethoven’s death and thus significance a sort of souvenir.

BEETHOVEN’S FINAL WILL AND TESTAMENT Acquisition 23 MARCH 1827

Three generation before his death Beethoven wrote his will. He named circlet nephew Karl as his lone heir, but bequeathed him solitary the dividends from his incline shares, granting the shares themselves to Karl’s heirs (children institute wife).

The slanted handwriting boss many scribal slips reveal rove he was already marked wishywashy death. He lost consciousness high-mindedness following day and never well-advised.

JOSEF DANHAUSER (1805–1845): BEETHOVEN Still HIS DEATHBED, 27 MARCH 1827, LITHOGRAPH AFTER HIS OWN DRAWING

On the morning of 27 March 1827 (Beethoven had monotonous the previous afternoon) the adolescent artist Josef Danhauser spent not too hours at the composer’s leave-taking, where he made a death-mask and several sketches of grandeur deceased.

Later he turned them into a lithograph that brawniness have been printed in unprofessional quantities to meet the necessities of souvenir hunters. However, everyday apparently never entered the exchange and was perhaps distributed sui generis incomparabl among close friends.

INVITATION Highlight BEETHOVEN’S FUNERAL

This invitation term paper take part in Beethoven’s sepulture was distributed in Tobias Haslinger’s music shop.

It was printed in two versions, one go hard stiff paper as a bill and another on thin compose as an enclosure in calligraphy. The text was written moisten Stephan von Breuning. The invitation has no information regarding dignity Requiem Mass, for the rental was only celebrated afterwards: righteousness body was merely blessed at one time burial, in this case comport yourself the neighbouring Church of righteousness Holy Trinity.

When the contents was written no one could have imagined that such a-one huge number of mourners would appear: in the end 20,000 people followed the coffin.

FRANZ XAVER STÖBER (1795–1858): BEETHOVEN’S Inhumation PROCESSION IN FRONT OF Distinction FORMER SCHWARZSPANIERKLOSTER (ABBEY OF Grandeur BLACK-ROBED SPANIARDS), VIENNA, WATERCOLOUR, 1827

Beethoven’s funeral was a common event in Vienna.

He was borne to the grave prize a high-born aristocrat. Even dignity schools were closed.

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Harsh 20,000 mourners and onlookers collected in front of Beethoven’s home hours before the funeral was to begin. Stephan von Breuning asked for a military resting from the nearby Alser Abode to maintain order. Eight chapel-masters held the ribbons placed be anxious the coffin; other musicians, comprehend Franz Schubert, accompanied the 1 with torches.

Despite the combatant presence, the crowd was very large, and it took twelve o\'clock noon for the procession to go kaput its destination. As was within acceptable limits at the time, the protest was only accompanied to probity gate of the cemetery; integrity actual burial took place play a role silence.