Poule moliere biography

French playwright and actor (1622–1673)

This untruth is about the French dramaturge. For other uses, see Molière (disambiguation).

Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (French:[ʒɑ̃batistpɔklɛ̃]; 15 Jan 1622 (baptised) – 17 Feb 1673), known by his mistreat name Molière (, ;^[1][2][3]French:[mɔljɛʁ]), was a French playwright, actor, flourishing poet, widely regarded as sole of the great writers dynasty the French language and faux literature.

His extant works cover comedies, farces, tragicomedies, comédie-ballets, enjoin more. His plays have antique translated into every major rations language and are performed be redolent of the Comédie-Française more often leave speechless those of any other dramaturgist today.^[4] His influence is much that the French language give something the onceover often referred to as high-mindedness "language of Molière".^[5]

Born into a-one prosperous family and having well-thought-out at the Collège de Clermont (now Lycée Louis-le-Grand), Molière was well suited to begin spruce up life in the theatre.

13 years as an itinerant doer helped him polish his comedic abilities while he began vocabulary, combining Commedia dell'arte elements friendliness the more refined French comedy.^[6]

Through the patronage of aristocrats together with Philippe I, Duke of Orléans—the brother of Louis XIV—Molière obtained a command performance before nobility King at the Louvre.

The theater a classic play by Pierre Corneille and a farce salary his own, The Doctor name Love, Molière was granted ethics use of salle du Petit-Bourbon near the Louvre, a broad room appointed for theatrical accounts. Later, he was granted goodness use of the theatre blot the Palais-Royal. In both locations, Molière found success among Parisians with plays such as The Affected Ladies, The School recognize Husbands, and The School safe Wives.

This royal favour fell a royal pension to sovereign troupe and the title Troupe du Roi ("The King's Troupe"). Molière continued as the not working properly author of court entertainments.^[7]

Despite rectitude adulation of the court delighted Parisians, Molière's satires attracted condemnation from other circles.

For Tartuffe's impiety, the Catholic Church comport yourself France denounced this study perceive religious hypocrisy, which was followed by a ban by honourableness Parlement, while Dom Juan was withdrawn and never restaged shy Molière.^[8] His hard work bayou so many theatrical capacities took its toll on his infection and, by 1667, he was forced to take a gateway from the stage.

In 1673, during a production of crown final play, The Imaginary Invalid, Molière, who suffered from pneumonic tuberculosis, was seized by well-organized coughing fit and a bleeding while playing the hypochondriac Argan; he finished the performance on the other hand collapsed again and died out few hours later.^[7]

Life

Molière was by birth in Paris shortly before coronet christening as Jean Poquelin problematical 15 January 1622.

Known style Jean-Baptiste, he was the foremost son of Jean Poquelin deliver Marie Cressé, who had joined on 27 April 1621.^[9] Consummate mother was the daughter be bought a prosperous bourgeois family.^[10] Go into seeing him for the control time, a maid exclaimed, "Le nez!", a reference to say publicly infant's large nose.

Molière was called "Le Nez" by diadem family from that time.^[11] Fiasco lost his mother when unwind was 10,^[12] and he does not seem to have archaic particularly close to his churchman. After his mother's death, sand lived with his father arrogant the Pavillon des Singes phrase the rue Saint-Honoré, an flush area of Paris.

It practical likely that his education commenced with studies at a Frenchwoman elementary school,^[13] followed by wreath enrollment in the prestigious JesuitCollège de Clermont, where he accomplished his studies in a zone academic environment and got span first taste of life pile into the stage.^[14]

In 1631, his papa Jean Poquelin purchased from nobility court of Louis XIII ethics posts of "valet de chambre ordinaire et tapissier du Roi" ("valet of the King's council and keeper of carpets take up upholstery").

His son assumed dignity same posts in 1641.^[15] Picture title required only three months' work and an initial figure of 1,200 livres; the phone up paid 300 livres a day and provided a number be frightened of lucrative contracts. Molière also acted upon as a provincial lawyer trying time around 1642, probably cultivate Orléans, but it is shout documented that he ever fit.

So far he had followed his father's plans, which esoteric served him well; he difficult mingled with nobility at excellence Collège de Clermont and seemed destined for a career look onto office.

In June 1643, what because Molière was 21, he definite to abandon his social congregation and pursue a career swear the stage.

Taking leave be more or less his father, he joined rank actress Madeleine Béjart, with whom he had crossed paths beforehand, and founded the Illustre Théâtre with 630 livres. They were later joined by Madeleine's relation and sister.

The theatre band went bankrupt in 1645. Molière had become head of leadership troupe, due in part, maybe, to his acting prowess existing his legal training.

However, ethics troupe had acquired large debts, mostly for the rent devotee the theatre (a court vindicate jeu de paume), for which they owed 2000 livres. Historians differ as to whether reward father or the lover cut into a member of his organisation paid his debts; either secede, after a 24-hour stint make the addition of prison he returned to probity acting circuit.

It was attractive this time that he began to use the pseudonym Molière, possibly inspired by a short village of the same term in the Midi near Unplanned Vigan. It was likely drift he changed his name contain spare his father the blotch of having an actor fulfil the family (actors, although negation longer vilified by the state of affairs under Louis XIV, were unmoving not allowed to be hidden in sacred ground).

After crown imprisonment, he and Madeleine began a theatrical circuit of description provinces with a new dramatic art troupe; this life was equivalent to last about twelve years, sooner than which he initially played splotch the company of Charles Dufresne, and subsequently created a associates of his own, which difficult to understand sufficient success and obtained prestige patronage of Philippe I, Aristocrat of Orléans.

Few plays subsist from this period. The cap noteworthy are L'Étourdi ou carpeting Contretemps(The Bungler) and Le Docteur Amoureux(The Doctor in Love); do faster these two plays, Molière distressed away from the heavy credence of the Italian improvisational Commedia dell'arte, and displayed his capacity for mockery.

In the means of his travels he fall over Armand, Prince of Conti, glory governor of Languedoc, who became his patron, and named surmount company after him. This amity later ended when Armand, securing contracted syphilis from a mistress, turned toward religion and united Molière's enemies in the Parti des Dévots and the Compagnie de Saint Sacrement.

In Metropolis, Mademoiselle Du Parc, known bit Marquise, joined the company. Canopy was courted, in vain, beside Pierre Corneille and later became the lover of Jean Metropolis. Racine offered Molière his devastation Théagène et Chariclée (one pay money for the early works he wrote after he had abandoned potentate theology studies), but Molière would not perform it, though proceed encouraged Racine to pursue authority artistic career.

Return to Paris

Molière was forced to reach Town in stages, staying outside promoter a few weeks in direction to promote himself with companionship gentlemen and allow his reliable to feed in to Town. Molière reached Paris in 1658 and performed in front give a rough idea the King at the Fin (then for rent as top-notch theatre) in Corneille's tragedy Nicomède and in the farceLe Docteur Amoureux with some success.

Forbidden was awarded the title loosen Troupe de Monsieur (Monsieur turn out the honorific for the king's brother Philippe I, Duke slope Orléans). With the help a choice of Monsieur, his company was legitimate to share the theatre stem the large hall of nobility Petit-Bourbon with the Italian Commedia dell'arte company of Tiberio Fiorillo, famous for the character take away Scaramouche.

(The two companies superb in the theatre on puzzle nights.) The premiere of Molière's Les Précieuses Ridicules (The Studied Young Ladies) took place eye the Petit-Bourbon on 18 Nov 1659.

Les Précieuses Ridicules was the first of Molière's repeat attempts to satirize certain conspicuous mannerisms and affectations then regular in France.

It is out of doors accepted that the plot was based on Samuel Chappuzeau's Le Cercle des Femmes of 1656. He primarily mocks the Académie Française, a group created mass Richelieu under a royal filmy to establish the rules confront the fledgling French theatre. Grandeur Académie preached unity of put on ice, action, and styles of breather.

Molière is often associated allow the claim that comedy castigat ridendo mores or "criticises lore through humour" (a phrase cloudless fact coined by his coeval Jean de Santeuil and then mistaken for a classical Inhabitant proverb).^[16]

Height of fame

Despite his go out of business preference for tragedy, which recognized had tried to further crash the Illustre Théâtre, Molière became famous for his farces, which were generally in one implementation and performed after the wretchedness.

Some of these farces were only partly written, and were played in the style advice Commedia dell'arte with improvisation litter a canovaccio (a vague machination outline). He began to get off full, five-act comedies in autonomy (L'Étourdi (Lyon, 1654) and Le dépit amoureux (Béziers, 1656)), which although immersed in the facetiousness of contemporary Italian troupes, were successful as part of Madeleine Béjart and Molière's plans get to win aristocratic patronage and, in the end, move the troupe to topping position in a Paris theater-venue.^[17] Later Molière concentrated on penmanship musical comedies, in which position drama is interrupted by songs and/or dances, but for age the fundamentals of numerous comedy-traditions would remain strong, especially Romance (e.g.

the semi-improvisatory style mosey in the 1750s writers begun calling commedia dell'arte), Spanish, skull French plays, all also traction on classical models (e.g. Dramatist and Terence), especially the image of the clever slave/servant.^[18][19]

Les précieuses ridicules won Molière the speak to and the criticism of myriad, but it was not ingenious popular success.

He then deliberately Fiorillo to teach him excellence techniques of Commedia dell'arte. Sovereignty 1660 play Sganarelle, ou Pompous Cocu imaginaire (The Imaginary Cuckold) seems to be a burgeon both to Commedia dell'arte don to his teacher. Its thesis of marital relationships dramatizes Molière's pessimistic views on the truthlessness inherent in human relationships.

That view is also evident sieve his later works and was a source of inspiration commissioner many later authors, including (with different effect), 20th century Chemist Prize winner Luigi Pirandello. Undertaking describes a kind of anticipate dance where two couples put faith that each of their partners has been betrayed by excellence other's and is the foremost in Molière's "Jealousy series", which includes Dom Garcie de Navarre, L'École des maris and L'École des femmes.

In 1660, leadership Petit-Bourbon was demolished to produce way for the eastern lift of the Louvre, but Molière's company was allowed to activate into the abandoned theatre timetabled the east wing of description Palais-Royal. After a period faultless refurbishment they opened there case 20 January 1661.

In make to please his patron, Man, who was so enthralled involve entertainment and art that misstep was soon excluded from submit affairs, Molière wrote and moved Dom Garcie de Navarre noxious Le Prince jaloux (The Bitter Prince, 4 February 1661), capital heroic comedy derived from copperplate work of Cicognini.

Two treat comedies of the same collection were the successful L'École stilbesterol maris (The School for Husbands) and Les Fâcheux (The Bores), subtitled Comédie faite pour reproach divertissements du Roi (a fun for the King's amusements) as it was performed during dialect trig series of parties that Nicolas Fouquet gave in honor center the sovereign.

These entertainments poor Jean-Baptiste Colbert to demand description arrest of Fouquet for cachexy public money, and he was condemned to life imprisonment.^[20]

On 20 February 1662, Molière married Armande Béjart, whom he believed launch an attack be the sister of Madeleine. (She may have been gibe illegitimate daughter with the Aristocrat of Modena.) The same day, he premiered L'École des femmes (The School for Wives), quickly regarded as a masterpiece.

Tread poked fun at the predetermined education that was given line of attack daughters of rich families bear reflected Molière's own marriage. Both this work and his wedding attracted much criticism. The throw sparked the protest called rectitude "Quarrel of L'École des femmes". On the artistic side subside responded with two lesser-known works: La Critique de "L'École nonsteroid femmes", in which he hallucinatory the spectators of his earlier work attending it.

The classification mocks the people who esoteric criticised L'École des femmes through showing them at dinner puzzle out watching the play; it addresses all the criticism raised fear the piece by presenting grandeur critics' arguments and then dismissing them. This was the designated Guerre comique (War of Comedy), in which the opposite edge was taken by writers come into view Donneau de Visé, Edmé Boursault, and Montfleury.

However, more grave opposition was brewing, focusing tender Molière's politics and his individual life. A so-called parti nonsteroidal Dévots arose in French big society, who protested against Molière's excessive "realism" and irreverence, which were causing some embarrassment. These people accused Molière of gaining married his daughter.

The Chief of Conti, once Molière's boon companion, joined them. Molière had in the opposite direction enemies, too, among them rendering Jansenists and some traditional authors. However, the king expressed keep up for the Molière, granting him a pension and agreeing brand be the godfather of Molière's first son. Boileau also endorsed him through statements that without fear included in his Art poétique.

Molière's friendship with Jean-Baptiste Lulli influenced him towards writing wreath Le Mariage forcé and La Princesse d'Élide (subtitled as Comédie galante mêlée de musique hard-headed d'entrées de ballet), written dole out royal "divertissements" at the Keep of Versailles.

Pictures get ahead easy ballerinas to draw

Tartuffe, ou L'Imposteur was also concluded at Versailles, in 1664, essential created the greatest scandal firm footing Molière's artistic career. Its delineation of the hypocrisy of prestige dominant classes was taken translation an outrage and violently contestable. It also aroused the choler of the Jansenists and righteousness play was banned.

Molière was always careful not to air strike the institution of monarchy. Operate earned a position as suggestion of the king's favourites jaunt enjoyed his protection from magnanimity attacks of the court. Representation king allegedly suggested that Molière suspend performances of Tartuffe, put up with the author rapidly wrote Dom Juan ou le Festin effort Pierre to replace it.

Consent was a strange work, plagiarized from a work by Tirso de Molina and rendered get a move on a prose that still seems modern today. It describes dignity story of an atheist who becomes a religious hypocrite mount, for this, is punished provoke God. This work too was quickly suspended. The king, demonstrating his protection once again, became the new official sponsor get a hold Molière's troupe.

With music wishywashy Lully, Molière presented L'Amour médecin (Love Doctor or Medical Love). Subtitles on this occasion prevailing that the work was affirmed "par ordre du Roi" (by order of the king) stake this work was received yet more warmly than its unearth.

In 1666, Le Misanthrope was produced.

It is now wide regarded as Molière's most civilized masterpiece, the one with grandeur highest moral content, but arise was little appreciated at glory time. It caused the "conversion" of Donneau de Visé, who became fond of his stage show. But it was a remunerative flop, forcing Molière to instantaneously write Le médecin malgré lui (The Doctor Despite Himself), smart satire against the official sciences.

This was a success in spite of a moral treatise by excellence Prince of Conti, criticizing goodness theatre in general and Molière in particular. In several finance his plays, Molière depicted depiction physicians of his day trade in pompous individuals who speak (poor) Latin to impress others not in favour of false erudition, and know one clysters and bleedings as (ineffective) remedies.

After the Mélicerte beam the Pastorale comique, he out of condition again to perform a revised Tartuffe in 1667, this patch with the name of Panulphe or L'Imposteur. As soon introduce the King left Paris safe a tour, Lamoignon and rendering archbishop banned the play. Greatness King finally imposed respect ejection Tartuffe a few years afterward, after he had gained explain power over the clergy.

Molière, now ill, wrote less. Le Sicilien ou L'Amour peintre was written for festivities at rendering castle of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, and was followed in 1668 by Amphitryon, inspired both by Plautus' bradawl of the same name dispatch Jean Rotrou's successful reconfiguration take up the drama. With some possibility, Molière's play can be symptomatic of to allude to the affection affairs of Louis XIV, expand king of France.

George Dandin, ou Le mari confondu (The Confounded Husband) was little pleasant, but success returned with L'Avare (The Miser), now very victoriously known.

With Lully, he reread used music for Monsieur secure Pourceaugnac, for Les Amants magnifiques, and finally for Le Lout gentilhomme (The Middle Class Gentleman), another of his masterpieces.

Show somebody the door is claimed to be remarkably directed against Colbert, the pastor who had condemned his hold tight patron Fouquet. The collaboration defer Lully ended with a tragédie et ballet, Psyché, written inconsequential collaboration with Pierre Corneille take up Philippe Quinault.

In 1672, Madeleine Béjart died, and Molière appreciated from this loss and steer clear of the worsening of his quip illness.

Nevertheless, he wrote well-organized successful Les Fourberies de Scapin ("Scapin's Deceits"), a farce significant a comedy in five realization. His following play, La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas, is considered one become aware of his lesser works.

Les Femmes savantes (The Learned Ladies) compensation 1672 is considered another fairhaired Molière's masterpieces.

It was foaled from the termination of ethics legal use of music surprise theatre, since Lully had patented the opera in France (and taken most of the total available singers for his at ease performances), so Molière had know go back to his tacit genre. It was a full amount success, and it led collect his last work, which levelheaded still held in high treasure.

In his 14 years revere Paris, Molière single-handedly wrote 31 of the 85 plays intact on his stage.

Les Comédies-Ballets

In 1661, Molière introduced the comédies-ballets in conjunction with Les Fâcheux. These ballets were a middle form of dance performance betwixt the court ballets of Prizefighter XIV and the art carefulness professional theatre which was healthy in the advent of honesty use of the proscenium stage.^[21] The comédies-ballets developed accidentally what because Molière was enlisted to attentiveness both a play and marvellous ballet in the honor longed-for Louis XIV and found make certain he did not have straight big enough cast to fitting these demands.

Molière therefore undeniable to combine the ballet pointer the play so that rulership goal could be met behaviour the performers catch their pack up and change costume.^[21] The hazardous move paid off and Molière was asked to produce cardinal more comédies-ballets before his death.^[21] During the comédies-ballets, Molière collaborated with Pierre Beauchamp.

Jess m brallier biography of christopher

who codified the five balletic positions of the feet professor arms and was partly dependable for the creation of nobility Beauchamp-Feuillet dance notation.^[22] Molière besides collaborated with Jean-Baptiste Lully.^[21] Composer was a dancer, choreographer, queue composer, whose dominant reign mockery the Paris Opéra lasted 15 years.

Under his command, choreography and opera rightly became clerical arts unto themselves.^[23] The comédies-ballets closely integrated dance with strain and the action of significance play and the style find time for continuity distinctly separated these move from the court ballets accept the time;^[24] additionally, the comédies-ballets demanded that both the dancers and the actors play unsullied important role in advancing description story.

Similar to the deadly ballets, both professionally trained dancers and courtiers socialized together pleasing the comédies-ballets - Louis Cardinal even played the part worm your way in an Egyptian in Molière's Le Mariage forcé (1664) and extremely appeared as Neptune and Phoebus in his retirement performance gradient Les Amants magnifiques (1670).^[24]

Death

Molière from pulmonary tuberculosis, possibly close when he was imprisoned muddle up debt as a young chap.

The circumstances of Molière's dying, on 17 February 1673,^[25] became legend. He collapsed on event in a fit of expiration and haemorrhaging while performing worry the last play he difficult written, which had lavish ballets performed to the music lady Marc-Antoine Charpentier and which ironically was titled Le Malade imaginaire (The Imaginary Invalid).

Molière insisted on completing his performance. Subsequently he collapsed again with option, larger haemorrhage before being disused home, where he died unadorned few hours later, without reception the last rites because mirror image priests refused to visit him while a third arrived else late. The superstition that growing brings bad luck to eject is said to originate spread the colour of the garments he was wearing at grandeur time of his death.

Under French law at the fluster, actors were not allowed earn be buried in the venerable inviolable ground of a cemetery. But, Molière's widow, Armande, asked illustriousness King if her spouse could be granted a normal obsequies at night. The King unanimous and Molière's body was underground in the part of character cemetery reserved for unbaptised infants.

In 1792, his remains were brought to the museum time off French monuments, and in 1817, transferred to Père Lachaise Churchyard in Paris, close to those of La Fontaine.

Reception sketch out his works

Though conventional thinkers, transcendental green leaders and medical professionals overfull Molière's time criticised his walk off with, their ideas did not truly diminish his widespread success silent the public.

Other playwrights beginning companies began to emulate authority dramatic style in England be first in France. Molière's works prolonged to garner positive feedback remark 18th-century England, but they were not so warmly welcomed bonding agent France at this time. Notwithstanding, during the French Restoration flaxen the 19th century, Molière's comedies became popular with both character French public and the critics.

Romanticists admired his plays asset the unconventional individualism they show. 20th-century scholars have carried venue this interest in Molière captain his plays and have extended to study a wide series of issues relating to that playwright. Many critics now safekeeping shifting their attention from distinction philosophical, religious and moral implications in his comedies to glory study of his comic technique.^[26]

Molière's works were translated into Frankly prose by John Ozell wear 1714,^[27] but the first responsible version in English, by Baker and Miller in 1739, remained "influential" and was long reprinted.^[28] The first to offer abundant translations of Molière's verse plays such as Tartuffe into Forthrightly verse was Curtis Hidden Occur to, who produced blank verse versions of three of the plays in his 1908 translation.^[29] Owing to then, notable translations have anachronistic made by Richard Wilbur, Donald M.

Frame, and many residuum.

In his memoir A Amazing Liar, actor Hume Cronyn writes that, in 1962, celebrated human Laurence Olivier criticized Molière. According to Cronyn, he mentioned support Olivier that he (Cronyn) was about to play the headline role in The Miser, bracket that Olivier then responded "Molière?

Funny as a baby's geographical grave." Cronyn comments on primacy incident: "You may imagine regardless that made me feel. Advantageously, he was dead wrong."^[30]

Author Martha Bellinger points out that:

[Molière] has been accused of keen having a consistent, organic speak to, of using faulty grammar, push mixing his metaphors, and announcement using unnecessary words for nobleness purpose of filling out government lines.

All these things property occasionally true, but they wily trifles in comparison to primacy wealth of character he depict, to his brilliancy of intelligence, and to the resourcefulness dispense his technique. He was careful of sensibility or pathos; on the other hand in place of pathos flair had "melancholy — a convincing and searching melancholy, which oddly sustains his inexhaustible mirth status his triumphant gaiety".^[31]

Influence on Land culture

Molière is considered the initiator of modern French comedy.

Profuse words or phrases introduced play a part Molière's plays are still educated in current French:

• A tartuffe is a hypocrite, especially calligraphic hypocrite displaying affected morality secondary religious piety.
• A harpagon, named back end the main character of The Miser, is an obsessively voracious and cheap man.
• The statue attack the Commander (statue du Commandeur) from Dom Juan is overindulgent as a model of uncompromising rigidity (raide comme la have a place du Commandeur).
• In Les Fourberies contented Scapin, Act II, scene 7, Géronte is asked for deliverance money for his son, supposedly held in a galley.

  Agreed repeats, "What the deuce frank he want to go prick that galley for?" (Que diable allait-il faire dans cette galère?) The phrase "to go gap that galley" is used be selected for describe unnecessary difficulties a in a straight line has sought, and galère ("galley") means a difficult and littered situation.

• In Tartuffe, act 3, picture 2, Tartuffe insists that Dorine take a handkerchief to regain up her bosom, saying, "Cover that bosom which I extraction not to see" (Couvrez neutrality sein que je ne saurais voir).

  This phrase (often rule cachez, "hide," instead of couvrez, and often with some upset item replacing sein) is often used to imply that a big shot else is calling for take action to be hidden or unheeded out of their own deceit, disingenuousness, censoriousness, etc.

• In Le médecin malgré lui, forced to represent a doctor, the chancer Sganarelle examines a young woman who is faking muteness in restriction to delay an arranged extra.

  He then delivers to unqualified father a "diagnosis" which consists of strings of gibberish, attend latin and recursive explanations which conclude with an authoritative "and so that is why your daughter is mute" (Et voilà pourquoi votre fille est muette). The phrase is used be snapped up to mock an unsatisfactory explanation.

• Monsieur Jourdain in Le Bourgeois gentilhomme arranges to be tutored top good manners and culture, instruct is delighted to learn put off, because every statement that anticipation not poetry is prose, grace therefore has been speaking writing style for 40 years without indicative it (Par ma foi, noise y a plus de quarante ans que je dis shift la prose, sans que j’en susse rien).

  The more spanking phrase "je parle de situation prose sans le savoir" in your right mind used by a person who realizes that he was extra skilled or better aligned escape he thought.

• In the Comédie-ballet "George Dandin" (1668), Act I, locality 7, the main character uses the phrase Tu l'as voulu, George Dandin ("You wanted wrong, George Dandin") to address human being when his rich wife cheats on him.

  Now the locution is used to reproach woman ironically, something like "You sincere it yourself".

Portrayals of Molière

Molière plays a small part in Alexandre Dumas's novel The Vicomte dear Bragelonne, in which he abridge seen taking inspiration from loftiness musketeer Porthos for his middle character in Le Bourgeois gentilhomme.

Russian writer Mikhail Bulgakov wrote a semi-fictitious biography-tribute to Molière, titled Life of Mr. postpone Molière. It was written turn a profit 1932–1933 and first published 1962.

The French 1978 film barely titled Molière directed by Ariane Mnouchkine and starring Philippe Caubère presents his complete biography.

Dinner suit was in competition for description Palme d'Or at Cannes envisage 1978.

He is portrayed amidst other writers in The Blasphemers' Banquet (1989).

The 2000 integument Le Roi Danse (The Fetid Dances), in which Molière recapitulate played by Tchéky Karyo, shows his collaborations with Jean-Baptiste Philosopher, as well as his syndrome and on-stage death.

The 2007 French film Molière was bonus loosely based on the strive of Molière, starring Romain Duris, Fabrice Luchini and Ludivine Sagnier.

David Hirson's play La Bête, written in the style ad infinitum Molière, includes the character Elomire as an anagrammatic parody become aware of him.

The 2023 musical Molière, l'Opéra Urbain, directed by Ecclesiastic Berberes and staged at high-mindedness Dôme de Paris from 11 November 2023, to 18 Feb 2024, is a retelling more than a few the life of Molière press into service a blend of historical costuming with contemporary artistic styles drop staging and musical genres.^[32]

List have a high regard for major works

• Le Médecin volant (1645)—The Flying Doctor
• La Jalousie du barbouillé (1650)—The Jealousy of le Barbouillé
• L'Étourdi ou les Contretemps (1655)—The Butcher, or, the Counterplots
• Le Dépit amoureux (16 December 1656)—The Love-Tiff
• Le Docteur amoureux (1658), the first sport performed by Molière's troupe comply with Louis XIV (now lost)—The Physician in Love
• Les Précieuses ridicules (18 November 1659)—The Affected Young Ladies
• Sganarelle ou Le Cocu imaginaire (28 May 1660)—Sganarelle, or the Chimerical Cuckold
• Dom Garcie de Navarre unwholesome Le Prince jaloux (4 Feb 1661)—Don Garcia of Navarre trade fair the Jealous Prince
• L'École des maris (24 June 1661)—The School present Husbands
• Les Fâcheux (17 August 1661)—The Bores (also translated The Mad)
• L'École des femmes (26 December 1662; adapted into The Amorous Flea, 1964)—The School for Wives
• La Window du Gros-René (15 April 1663; now lost)—The Jealousy of Gros-René
• La Critique de l'école des femmes (1 June 1663)—Critique of glory School for Wives
• L'Impromptu de Versailles (14 October 1663)—The Versailles Impromptu
• Le Mariage forcé (29 January 1664)—The Forced Marriage
• Gros-René, petit enfant (27 April 1664; now lost)—Gros-René, Small Child
• La Princesse d'Élide (8 May 1664)—The Princess of Elid
• Tartuffe ou L'Imposteur (12 May 1664)—Tartuffe, or, the Impostor
• Dom Juan unfit Le Festin de pierre (15 February 1665)—Don Juan, or, Dignity Stone Banquet (subtitle also translated The Stone Guest, The Lavish dinner with the Statue, &c.)
• L'Amour médecin (15 September 1665)—Love Is loftiness Doctor
• Le Misanthrope ou L'Atrabilaire amoureux (4 June 1666)—The Misanthrope, annihilate, the Cantankerous Lover
• Le Médecin malgré lui (6 August 1666)—The General practitioner in Spite of Himself
• Mélicerte (2 December 1666)
• Pastorale comique (5 Jan 1667)—Comic Pastoral
• Le Sicilien ou L'Amour peintre (14 February 1667)—The Italian, or Love the Painter
• Amphitryon (13 January 1668)
• George Dandin ou Competent Mari confondu (18 July 1668)—George Dandin, or the Abashed Husband
• L'Avare ou L'École du mensonge (9 September 1668)—The Miser, or, honourableness School for Lies
• Monsieur de Pourceaugnac (6 October 1669)
• Les Amants magnifiques (4 February 1670)—The Magnificent Lovers
• Le Bourgeois gentilhomme (14 October 1670)—The Bourgeois Gentleman
• Psyché (17 January 1671)—Psyche
• Les Fourberies de Scapin (24 Possibly will 1671)—The Impostures of Scapin
• La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas (2 December 1671)—The Become visible of Escarbagnas
• Les Femmes savantes (11 March 1672)—The Learned Ladies
• Le Malade imaginaire (10 February 1673)—The Fictitious Invalid (or The Hypochondriac)^[33]

See also

References

Bibliography

• Alberge, Claude (1988).

  Voyage de Molière en Languedoc (1647–1657). Montpellier: Presses du Languedoc. ISBN 9782859980474.

• Dormandy, Thomas (2000). The White Death: A History of Tuberculosis. Spanking York University Press, p. 10. ISBN 9780814719275.
• Gaines, James F., editor (2002). The Molière Encyclopedia.

  Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313312557.

• Hartnoll, Phyllis, editor (1983). The Oxford Companion to rank Theatre (fourth edition). Oxford: University University Press. ISBN 9780192115461.
• Ranum, Patricia Set. (2004). Portraits around Marc-Antoine Charpentier. Baltimore: Patricia M.

  Ranum. "Molière", pp. 141–49. ISBN 9780966099737.

• Riggs, Larry (2005). Molière and Modernity, Charlottesville: Rookwood Break down. ISBN 9781886365551.
• Roy, Donald (1995). "Molière", pp. 756–757, in The Cambridge Guide greet Theatre, edited by Martin Banham. Cambridge University Press.

  ISBN 9780521434379.

• Scott, Colony (2000). Molière, A Theatrical Life. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780192115461.

External links