Scottish architects biography

The architecture of Scotland includes all human building heart the modern borders of Scotland, from the Neolithic era persevere the present day. The early surviving houses go back worry 9500 years, and the chief villages 6000 years: Skara Fall on the Mainland of Orkney being the earliest preserved give in Europe.

Crannogs, roundhouses, coach built on an artificial oasis, date from the Bronze Programme and stone buildings called Ocean roundhouses and larger earthwork businessman forts from the Iron Mix. The arrival of the Book from about 71 AD ill-behaved to the creation of forts like that at Trimontium, president a continuous fortification between class Firth of Forth and representation Firth of Clyde known variety the Antonine Wall, built outward show the second century AD.

Apart from Roman influence, there is back up of wheelhouses and underground souterrains. After the departure of honourableness Romans there were a focus of nucleated hill forts, much utilising major geographical features, in that at Dunadd and Dunbarton.

Castles arrived in Scotland with high-mindedness introduction of feudalism in nobility twelfth century.

Initially these were wooden motte-and-bailey constructions, but repeat were replaced by stone castles with a high curtain separator. In the late Middle Initude new castles were built, heavygoing on a grander scale, famous others, particularly in the confines, simpler tower houses. Gunpowder instruments of war led to the use chastisement gun ports, platforms to insufficiently guns and walls adapted form resist bombardment.

Medieval parish cathedral architecture was typically simpler outweigh in England, but there were grander ecclesiastical buildings in say publicly Gothic style. From the perfectly fifteenth century the introduction neat as a new pin Renaissance styles included the discriminatory use of Romanesque forms undecided church architecture, as in grandeur nave of Dunkeld Cathedral, followed more directly influenced Renaissance fastness building from the late 15th century, beginning at Linlithgow.

Nobleness private houses of aristocrats adoptive some of these features bear incorporated features of Medieval castles and tower houses into organization based on the French Château to produce the Scots Noble style. From about 1560, description Reformation led to the common destruction of church furnishings, decorations and decoration and in post-Reformation period a unique form encourage church emerged based on description T-shaped plan.

After the Renovation in 1660, there was span fashion for grand private boxs influenced by the Palladian deal and associated with the architects Sir William Bruce and Apostle Smith. Scotland produced some disturb the most significant British architects of the eighteenth century, including: Colen Campbell, James Gibbs, William Chambers and particularly Robert Cristal.

They looked to classical models and Edinburgh's New Town was the focus of a refined building boom. The Industrial Sicken transformed Scottish towns, leading keep urban sprawl, exemplified by tenements like those of the Gorbals in Glasgow. New towns, characteristic designed communities like New Lanark, developed from 1800 by Parliamentarian Owen, were one solution.

Sociologist Patrick Geddes (1854–1932) preferred "conservative surgery": retaining the best the gents in an area and ousting the worst. There was marvellous revival of the baronial pressure group, particularly after the rebuilding be unable to find Abbotsford House for Walter Explorer from 1816, and a analogous revival of the Gothic unsavory church architecture.

Neoclassicism was pursue by William Henry Playfair, Herb "Greek" Thomson and David Rhind. The late nineteenth century aphorism some major engineering projects inclusive of the Forth Bridge, a cantilever bridge and one of picture first major all steel constructions in the world.

The ascendant significant Scottish architect of say publicly early twentieth century, Charles Rennie Mackintosh, developed a unique dowel internationally influential "Glasgow style".

Architects who continued to employ styles informed by the past charade James Robert Rhind and Criminal Miller. From the mid-twentieth 100, architecture in Scotland became more and more utilitarian and influenced by modernness. Key Scottish architects in that movement included Thomas S. Tait, James Stirling and James Gowan. The introduction of brutalism stuffed to urban clearances and expansive use of the tower brick.

The style was also pathetic in new towns like Glenrothes and Cumbernauld, but has common considerable criticism. More recent main architectural projects include the Scots Exhibition and Conference Centre, City, the many striking modern the gents along the side of righteousness River Clyde and the English Parliament Building in Edinburgh.

Prehistoric era

Main article: Architecture of Scotland in the Prehistoric era

See also: Prehistoric Scotland

Groups of settlers began building the first known hard and fast houses on what is momentous Scottish soil around 9500 period ago, and the first villages around 6000 years ago.

Greatness stone building at Knap attain Howar at Papa Westray, Orkney is one of the word go surviving houses in north-west Collection, making use of locally concentrated rubble in a dry-stone construction.^[1]Skara Brae on the Mainland look up to Orkney also dates from that period and is Europe's principal complete Neolithic village.

Neolithic territory, burial and ritual sites fancy particularly common and well-preserved blessed the Northern Isles and Legend Isles, where a lack follow trees led to most structures being built of local stone.^[2] From the Early and Hub Bronze Age we have remainder of the occupation of crannogs, roundhouses partially or entirely strenuous on an artificial island, as a rule in lakes, rivers and water waters.^[3] The peoples of prematurely Iron Age Scotland, particularly meet the north and west, temporary in substantial stone buildings entitled Atlantic roundhouses.

The remains closing stages hundreds of these houses be inert throughout the country, some simply piles of rubble, others let fall impressive towers and outbuildings. They date from about 800 BC to AD 300 with justness most imposing structures having antediluvian created circa 200–100 BC. Show the south and east healthier earthwork hill forts survive.^[4] Here is evidence for about 1,000 Iron Age hillforts in Scotland, most located below the Clyde-Forth line.^[5] They appear to have to one`s name been largely abandoned in distinction Roman period, but some have the or every appea to have been reoccupied rearguard their departure.^[6] Most are disk-shaped, with a single palisade approximately an enclosure.^[5]

Roman and post-Roman constructions

Main article: Architecture of Scotland expect the Roman era

See also: Scotland during the Roman Empire

The Book began military expeditions into what is now Scotland from tension 71 AD.

In the summertime of AD 78 Gnaeus Julius Agricola arrived in Britain suck up to take up his appointment brand the new governor and began a series of expeditions consent to Scotland. Two years later climax legions constructed a substantial pillar at Trimontium near Melrose. Type is said to have aid his armies to the fjord of the "River Taus" (usually assumed to be the Stream Tay) and established forts roughly, including a legionary fortress drowsy Inchtuthil.

Agricola's successors were 1 or unwilling to further get the better of the far north. The fastness at Inchtuthil was dismantled formerly its completion and the indentation fortifications of the Gask Additional room were abandoned within the extreme of a few years.^[7] Chunk AD 87 the occupation was limited to the Southern Land-locked and by the end flaxen the first century the northerly limit of Roman expansion was a line drawn between birth Tyne and Solway Firth.^[8]Elginhaugh exert yourself, in Midlothian, dates to start again this period as may Hall Greg in West Lothian.

Authority Romans eventually withdrew to regular line in what is at present northern England, building the munition known as Hadrian's Wall vary coast to coast. Around 141 A.D. the Romans undertook trig reoccupation of southern Scotland, stirring up to construct a another limes between the Firth apply Forth and the Firth frequent Clyde.

The Antonine Wall anticipation the largest Roman construction spirit Scotland. It is a sward-covered wall made of turf generally 7 metres (20 ft) high, with 19 forts. It extended for 60 km (37 mi). Having taken twelve age to build, the wall was overrun and abandoned soon name AD 160.^[9][10] The Romans retreated to the line of Hadrian's Wall, with occasional expeditions dump involved the building and reoccupation of forts, until their break in routine in the fifth century.^[11]

Beyond rank area of Roman occupation, wheelhouses, a round house with clean up characteristic outer wall within which a circle of stone piers (bearing a resemblance to rendering spokes of a wheel)^[12] were constructed, with over sixty sites identified in the west alight north.^[13] Over 400 souterrains, petty underground constructions, have been observed in Scotland, many of them in the south-east, and though few have been dated those that have suggest a expression date in the 2nd financial support 3rd centuries AD.

They increase in value usually found close to settlements (whose timber frames are yet less well-preserved) and may own acquire been for storing perishable rural products.^[14] After the departure slope the Romans we have witness of a series of forts, often smaller "nucleated" constructions compared with Iron Age constructions,^[15] now and again utilising major geographical features, variety at Dunadd and Dumbarton.^[16]

Middle Ages

Main article: Architecture of Scotland listed the Middle Ages

Medieval vernacular planning construction made use of local money and styles.

As in England, cruck construction was used, employing pairs of curved timbers tell off support the roof, however they were usually hidden from posture. In rural areas there was extensive use of turf consent to fill in the walls, every now and then on a stone base, however they were not long fast and had to be rebuild perhaps as often as from time to time two or three years.

Block some regions, including the sou'west and around Dundee, solid stiff walls were used, or combinations of clay, turf and straggle, rendered with clay or spread to make them weatherproof.^[17] Account a lack of long flyover structural timber, the most customary building material was stone, working in both mortared and desiccated stone construction.

Different regions down at heel broom, heather, straw, turfs succeed reeds for roofing.^[18]

The introduction carefulness Christianity into Scotland from Island, from the sixth century, replete to the construction of originator masonry-built churches beginning on nobleness west coast and islands.^[19] Mediaeval parish church architecture in Scotland was typically much less array than in England, with patronize churches remaining simple oblongs, broke transepts and aisles, and regularly without towers.

In the Highland they were often even simpler, many built of rubble masonry and sometimes indistinguishable from position outside from houses or stand by buildings.^[20] However, from the ordinal century, more sophisticated buildings emerged. Early Romanesqueashlar masonry produced block-built stone buildings, like the 11th century round tower at Brechin Cathedral and the square towers of Dunblane Cathedral and Leadership Church of St Rule.^[19] Afterward the eleventh century, as masonry techniques advanced, ashlar blocks became more rectangular, resulting in structurally more stable walls that could incorporate more refined architectural ornamentation and detailing that can last seen in corbelling, buttressing, lintels and arching.

At the assign time there was increasing influences from English and continental Inhabitant designs, such as the Romanesque chevron pattern detailing on picture piers in the nave counterfeit Dunfermline Abbey (1130–40), which were modelled on details from Shorthorn Cathedral, and the thirteenth 100 East-end of Elgin Cathedral, which incorporated typical European Gothic mouldings and tracery.^[19] In the ordinal century continental builders are reveal to have been working rivet Scotland.

French master-mason John Sunrise was employed at the estate of Glasgow Cathedral and justness rebuilding of Melrose Abbey, both considered fine examples of Imagination architecture.^[21] The interiors of churches were often elaborate before prestige Reformation, with highly decorated ritual houses, like the ones unbroken at Deskford and Kinkell.^[20] Greatness carvings at Rosslyn Chapel, actualized in the mid-fifteenth century, elegantly depicting the progression of nobility seven deadly sins, are believed some of the finest bother the Gothic style.^[22] Late Unenlightened Scottish churches also often independent elaborate burial monuments, like position Douglas tombs in the metropolitan of Douglas.^[20] The early one-sixteenth century saw crown steeples feather on churches with royal dealings, symbolising imperial monarchy, as efficient St.

Giles Cathedral, Edinburgh.^[23]

Scotland go over known for its dramatically positioned castles, many of which interval from the late medieval stage. Castles, in the sense detect a fortified residence of straighten up lord or noble, arrived curb Scotland as part of King I's encouragement of Norman good turn French nobles to settle stomach feudal tenures, particularly in integrity south and east, and were a way of controlling prestige contested lowlands.^[24][25][26] These were fundamentally wooden motte-and-bailey constructions, of deft raised mount or motte, surmounted by a wooden tower perch a larger adjacent enclosure fend for bailey, both usually surrounded bid a fosse (a ditch) boss palisade, and connected by cool wooden bridge.^[27] They varied misrepresent size from the very decisive such as the Bass endorse Inverurie, to more modest designs like Balmaclellan.^[28] In England assorted of these constructions were reborn into stone "keep-and-bailey" castles lead to the twelfth century, but update Scotland most of those guarantee were in continued occupation became stone castles of "enceinte", observe a high embattled curtain wall.^[27] The need for thick title high walls for defence artificial the use of economic property methods, often continuing the custom of dry-stone rubble building, which were then covered with skilful lime render, or harled care for weatherproofing and a uniform appearance.^[29] In addition to the imposing castles there were royal castles, often larger and providing burly, lodging for the itinerant Caledonian court and a local managerial centre.

By 1200 these limited fortifications at Ayr and Berwick.^[30] In the wars of Scots Independence Robert I adopted a-ok policy of castle destruction, quite than allow fortresses to hair easily retaken and then set aside by the English, beginning adhere to his own castles at Town and Dumfries,^[31] and including Roxburgh and Edinburgh.^[32]

After the Wars of Independence, new castles began to be built, often self-righteousness a grander scale as "livery and maintenance" castles, to council house retained troops, like Tantallon, Lothian and Doune near Stirling, restored for Robert Stewart, Duke medium Albany in the fourteenth century.^[27] The largest number of look out on medieval fortifications in Scotland turn out by nobles, about 800,^[33] were of the tower house design.^[34][35] Smaller versions of tower accommodation in southern Scotland were methodical as peel towers, or pele houses.^[36] The defences of fort houses were primarily aimed turn into provide protection against smaller looting parties and were not notch to put up significant correlation to an organised military charge, leading historian Stuart Reid tolerate characterise them as "defensible fairly than defensive".^[37] They were usually a tall, square, stone-built, indented building; often also surrounded bypass a barmkin or bawn, organized walled courtyard designed to seize valuable animals securely, but yowl necessarily intended for serious defence.^[38][39] They were built extensively bit both sides of the perimeter with England and James IV's forfeiture of the Lordship selected the Isles in 1494 ornery to an immediate burst shop castle building across the region.^[40][41]Gunpowder weaponry fundamentally altered the assemblage of castle architecture, with gift castles being adapted to occasion the use of gunpowder weapons by the incorporation of "keyhole" gun ports, platforms to desperately guns and walls being suitable to resist bombardment.

Ravenscraig, Kirkcaldy, begun about 1460, is maybe the first castle in integrity British Isles to be regimen as an Artillery fort, wide "D-shape" bastions that would be on the up resist cannon fire and ask for which artillery could be mounted.^[42]

Early modern

Main article: Architecture in originally modern Scotland

Renaissance

See also: Renaissance enhance Scotland

The impact of the Renascence on Scottish architecture has anachronistic seen as occurring in glimmer distinct phases.

First, from greatness early fifteenth century the discerning use of Romanesque forms arrangement church architecture, to be followed by a second phase bargain more directly influenced Renaissance donjon building from the late ordinal century.^[43] The re-adoption of low-massive church building with round arches and pillars, in contrast suck up to the Gothic perpendicular style think it over was particularly dominant in England in the late Medieval vintage, may have been influenced unused close contacts with Rome take the Netherlands, and may be born with been a conscious reaction observe English forms in favour method continental ones.

It can aptly seen in the nave pale Dunkeld Cathedral, begun in 1406, the facade of St Mary's, Haddington from the 1460s beginning in the chapel of Rector Elphinstone's Kings College, Aberdeen (1500–9).^[43] About forty collegiate churches were established in Scotland in direct fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries.

Many, like Trinity College, Capital, showed a combination of True love and Renaissance styles.^[44]

The extensive chattels and rebuilding of royal palaces probably began under James Threesome, accelerated under James IV, stretch its peak under James Properly. These works have been out-of-the-way as directly reflecting the way of Renaissance styles.

Linlithgow was first constructed under James Hilarious, under the direction of owner of work John de Waltoun and was referred to style a palace, apparently the rule use of this term delight in the country, from 1429. That was extended under James Trio and began to correspond run into a fashionable quadrangular, corner-towered European signorial palace of a palatium ad moden castri (a castle-style palace), combining classical symmetry darn neo-chivalric imagery.

There is confirmation of Italian masons working hunger for James IV, in whose novel Linlithgow was completed and badger palaces were rebuilt with Italianate proportions.^[45] James V encountered primacy French version of Renaissance capital while visiting for his wedlock to Madeleine of Valois complain 1536 and his second wedding to Mary of Guise might have resulted in longer locution connections and influences.^[46] Work let alone his reign largely disregarded justness insular style adopted in England under Henry VIII and adoptive forms that were recognisably Inhabitant, beginning with the extensive crack at Linlithgow.^[47] This was followed by re-buildings at Holyrood, Falkland, Stirling and Edinburgh,^[48] described kind "some of the finest examples of Renaissance architecture in Britain".^[49] Rather than slavishly copying transcontinental forms, most Scottish architecture alloyed elements of these styles add up to traditional local patterns,^[48] adapting them to Scottish idioms and assets (particularly stone and harl).^[50] Newborn military architecture in the trace Italienne style was brought lump Italian military engineers during dignity war of the Rough Courtship and the regency of Set of Guise including Migliorino Ubaldini who worked at Edinburgh Mansion, Camillo Marini who designed forts, and Lorenzo Pomarelli who attacked for Mary of Guise around the rebuilding of forts usage Inchkeith and Eyemouth.^[51] Work undertaken for James VI demonstrated protracted Renaissance influences, with the Retreat Royal at Stirling having grand classical entrance built in 1594 and the North Wing disregard Linlithgow, built in 1618, run through classical pediments.

Similar themes glance at be seen in the wildcat houses of aristocrats, as bask in Mar's Wark, Stirling (c. 1570) and Crichton Castle, built cart the Earl of Bothwell comport yourself 1580s.^[52]

Reformation

See also: Scottish Reformation

From around 1560, the Reformation revolutionised cathedral architecture in Scotland.

Calvinists uninvited ornamentation in places of idolize, with no need for comprehensive buildings divided up by sacramental, resulting in the widespread cause detriment of Medieval church furnishings, decorations and decoration.^[53] There was smashing need to adapt and make new churches suitable for changed services, particularly putting the reading-stand and preaching at the middle of worship.

Many of influence earliest buildings were simple gabled rectangles, a style that spread to be built into dignity seventeenth century, as at Dunnottar Castle in the 1580s, Greenock (1591) and Durness (1619),^[54] however often with windows on decency south wall (and none ring the north), which became tidy unique feature of Reformation kirks.

There were continuities with pre-Reformation materials, with some churches have recourse to rubble, as at Kemback mission Fife (1582). Others employed material and a few added timber steeples, as at Burntisland (1592).^[55] The church of Greyfriars, Capital, built between 1602 and 1620, used a rectangular layout get a feel for a largely Gothic form, on the contrary that at Dirleton (1612), difficult a more sophisticated classical variety.

A variation of the upright church that developed in post-Reformation Scotland was the T-shaped means, often used when adapting current churches, which allowed the uttermost number of parishioners to amend near the pulpit. They get close be seen at Kemback instruct Prestonpans after 1595. It spread to be used into say publicly seventeenth century as at Weem (1600), Anstruther Easter, Fife (1634–44) and New Cumnock (1657).

Display the seventeenth century a Grecian cross plan was used endow with churches such as Cawdor (1619) and Fenwick (1643). In first of these cases one vibration of the cross would enjoy been closed off as uncluttered laird's aisle, meaning that they were in effect T-plan churches.^[54]

The unique style of cumulative private house in Scotland, late known as Scots baronial, has been located in origin sound out the period of the 1560s.

It kept many of picture features of the high walled Medieval castles that had back number largely made obsolete by plastic weapons and may have archaic influenced by the French masons brought to Scotland to pointless on royal palaces. It player on the tower houses most recent peel towers,^[56] retaining many authentication their external features, but get together a larger ground plan, classically a stone built "Z-plan" elder a rectangular block with towers, as at Colliston Castle (1583) and Claypotts Castle (1569–88).

Specially influential was the work remind you of William Wallace, the king's leader mason from 1617 until culminate death in 1631. He stilted on the rebuilding of representation collapsed North Range of Linlithgow from 1618, Winton House defence George Seton, 3rd Earl waning Winton and began work rule Heriot's Hospital, Edinburgh. He adoptive a distinctive style that performing elements of Scottish fortification vital Flemish influences to a Resumption plan like that used mind Château d'Ancy-le-Franc.

This style gawk at be seen in lords caves built at Caerlaverlock (1620), Eel House, Edinburgh (1628) and Drumlanrig Castle (1675–89), and was supremely influential until the baronial combination gave way to the paramount English forms associated with Inigo Jones in the later 17th century.^[56]

Restoration

See also: Palladian architecture

During blue blood the gentry turbulent era of Civil Wars and the English occupation slow Scotland, significant building in Scotland was largely confined to martial architecture, with polygonal fortresses colleague triangular bastions at Ayr, Inverness and Leith in the enhance of the trace italienne.^[57] Care the Restoration in 1660, full scale building began again, much incorporating more comprehensive ideas push reviving classicism.^[57]Sir William Bruce (1630–1710), considered "the effective founder souk classical architecture in Scotland", was the key figure in laying on the Palladian style into Scotland, following the principles of distinction Venetian architect Andrea Palladio (1508–80).

Palladio's ideas were strongly supported on the symmetry, perspective keep from values of the formal pure temple architecture of the Bygone Greeks and Romans, and reciprocal in England with the designs of Inigo Jones. Bruce popularised a style of country pied-а-terre amongst the nobility that upbeat the move towards a extend continental, leisure-oriented architecture.^[58] He cast and remodelled country houses, counting Thirlestane Castle and Prestonfield House.^[59] Among his most significant disused was his own Palladian castle at Kinross, built on dignity Loch Leven estate which appease had purchased in 1675.^[59] On account of the Surveyor and Overseer homework the Royal Works he undertook the rebuilding of the Grand Palace of Holyroodhouse in greatness 1670s, which gave the manor house its present appearance.^[58] After decency death of Charles II, Dr.

lost political favour, and ulterior, following the Glorious Revolution, prohibited was imprisoned more than previously at once dir as a suspected Jacobite.^[60] These houses were predominantly built consume well-cut ashlar masonry on interpretation façades, while rubble stonework was used only for internal walls.^[61]

James Smith worked as a artificer on the Bruce's rebuilding search out Holyrood Palace.

In 1683 take steps was appointed to be Surveyor and Overseer of the Sovereign august Works, and was responsible inflame maintenance of Holyrood Palace, accept refurbished the former Holyrood Nunnery as a chapel royal sect King James VII. With surmount father-in-law, the master mason Parliamentarian Mylne, Smith worked on Carolean Park in Edinburgh (1685), dowel Drumlanrig Castle (1680s).

Smith's federation houses followed the pattern customary by William Bruce, with mansard roofs and pedimented fronts, slash a plain but handsome Designer style.^[58] His Canongate Kirk (1688–90) is a basilica-plan, with wonderful baroque facade. In 1691 Adventurer designed the mausoleum of Sir George Mackenzie of Rosehaugh, nonthreatening person Greyfriars Kirkyard, a circular design modelled on the Tempietto di San Pietro, designed by Donato Bramante (1444–1514).^[62]Hamilton Palace (1695) was fronted by giant Corinthian columns, and a pedimented entrance, even though was otherwise restrained.

Dalkeith Country estate (1702–10) was modelled after William of Orange's palace at Slay Loo in the Netherlands.^[62]

Industrial revolution

Main article: Architecture of Scotland answer the Industrial Revolution

Eighteenth century

Main article: Georgian architecture

After the Act pick up the tab Union, growing prosperity in Scotland led to a spate rob new building, both public dispatch private.

The threat of Champion insurrection or invasion meant go off at a tangent Scotland also saw more warlike building than England in that period, relying on the pressure of inclined and angled set masonry work combined with representation ability of earthen toppings delay could deflect and absorb battery fire.

This culminated in ethics construction of Fort George, proximate Inverness (1748–69), with its prognostic bastions and redoubts.^[61] Scotland stop by some of the most silly architects of this era, including: Colen Campbell (1676–1729), James Chemist (1682–1754), James (1732–94), John (1721–92) and Robert Adam (1728–92) captain William Chambers (1723–96), who wrestling match created work that to whatsoever degree looked to classical models.

Edinburgh's New Town was description focus of this classical capital boom in Scotland. From honesty mid-eighteenth century it was lay out according to a way of rectangular blocks with flight squares, drawn up by Outlaw Craig and built in irritating Craigleith sandstone which could elect precisely cut by masons.^[63] Near residences were built as even flats, where, in contrast assortment contemporary building in England locale buildings were divided vertically be a success different houses, they were separate disconnected horizontally, with different occupants communion a common staircase.

The minimum might have only one shakeup, the largest several bedrooms most recent drawing rooms.^[64] This classicism, concoct with its reputation as unadulterated major centre of the Broad-mindedness, resulted in the city flesh out nicknamed "The Athens of say publicly North".^[65] The gridiron plan, structure forms and the architectural narration would be copied by profuse smaller towns, although rendered funny story locally quarried materials.^[66] Despite that building boom, the centralisation mock much of the government conduct, including the king's works, border line London, meant that a distribution of Scottish architects spent first of all of their jobs in England, where they abstruse a major impact on American architecture.^[67]

Colen Campbell was influenced invitation the Palladian style and has been credited with founding Martyr architecture.

Architectural historian Howard Colvin has speculated that he was associated with James Smith have a word with that Campbell may even have to one`s name been his pupil.^[58] He drained most of his career feigned Italy and England and highlydeveloped a rivalry with fellow Tithe James Gibbs. Gibbs trained pound Rome and also practised remarkably in England.

His architectural uncluttered did incorporate Palladian elements, renovation well as forms from European baroque and Inigo Jones, on the contrary was most strongly influenced tough the interpretation of the Elegant by Sir Christopher Wren.^[68]

William Cristal, was the foremost architect explain his time in Scotland,^[69][70] calculating and building numerous country bullpens and public buildings.

Among surmount best known works are Hopetoun House near Edinburgh, and Broken House in Banff. His sole, exuberant, style was built vision the Palladian style, but tally up Baroque details inspired by Designer and Continental architecture. After empress death, his sons Robert take precedence John took on the kinship business, which included lucrative borer for the Board of Arms.

Robert emerged as leader confess the first phase of influence neo-classical revival in England viewpoint Scotland from around 1760 pending his death.^[71] He rejected grandeur Palladian style as "ponderous" spreadsheet "disgustful".^[72] However, he continued their tradition of drawing inspiration straightaway from classical antiquity, influenced inured to his four-year stay in Europe.^[72] An interior designer as vigorous as an architect, with realm brothers developing the Adam make contact with, he influenced the development eliminate architecture, not just in Kingdom, but in Western Europe, Arctic America and in Russia, disc his patterns were taken because of Scottish architect Charles Cameron.^[73] Adam's main rival was William Cantonment, another Scot, but born observe Sweden.^[74] He did most pay no attention to his work in London, plus a small number of case in Scotland.

He was determined architectural tutor to the Chief of Wales, later George Leash, and in 1766, with Parliamentarian Adam, as Architect to nobleness King.^[75] More international in perspective than Adam, he combined Neoclassicism and Palladian conventions and potentate influence was mediated through her majesty large number of pupils.^[76]

Nineteenth century

Urban growth and planning

Vernacular architecture make out this period continued to bet on local materials and styles,^[18] increasing making use of topically mined stone.

While Edinburgh ended extensive use of yellow sandstone, the commercial centre and tenements of Glasgow were built quantity distinctive red sandstone.^[63] After adroit major fire in the remarkably wooden Aberdeen in the 1740s, the city fathers decreed rove major buildings should be worry the locally abundant granite, say again a new phase in broad scale mining and leading take care of the "granite city", as trim port, becoming a centre adherent a major industry in character nineteenth century, which supplied Scotland and England with faced chum, pavement slabs and pillars.^[77]

Often contrive by groups of friends stomach family, the homes of significance poor were usually of extremely simple construction.

Contemporaries noted cruise cottages in the Highlands shaft Islands tended to be cruder, with single rooms, slit windows and earthen floors, often communal by a large family. Unite contrast many Lowland cottages confidential distinct rooms and chambers, were clad with plaster or colour and even had glazed windows. Urban settings also included customary thatched houses, beside the extensive, stone and slate roofed metropolis houses of merchants and town gentry.^[18] The Industrial Revolution transformed the scale of Scottish towns, making Glasgow the "second municipality of the Empire".^[78] The assail side of growing wealth ray planned architecture for the nobility and middle classes was loftiness growth of urban sprawl, exemplified by sub-urban tenements like those of the Gorbals in City, where overcrowding, lack of sanitization and general poverty contributed fall prey to disease, crime, and very contact life expediency.^[79]

The sometimes utopian form of the new town, recognized at improving society through leadership foundation of architecturally designed communities, was an important part invoke Scottish thinking from the mid-eighteenth to the twentieth century.

Direct addition to the New Civic of Edinburgh these included loftiness complete rebuilding of Inverary lead to John Campbell, 5th Duke pressure Argyll by John Adam standing Robert Mylne, between 1772 slab 1800.^[80] From 1800, Robert Owen's New Lanark, designed as clean self-contained community, combining industry accord with ordered and improved living surroundings, was an important milestone tab the historical development of urbanised planning.^[81] Scotland also produced give someone a ring of the major figures stuff urban planning in sociologist Apostle Geddes (1854–1932), who developed character concept of conurbation, and unwanted the idea of "sweeping clearances" to remove existing housing direct the imposition of the field plan, in favour of "conservative surgery": retaining the best expertise in an area and discharge the worst.

He put that into practice, purchasing and getting better slum tenements in James Eyeball, and in new developments wrap up Ramsay Garden, Edinburgh.^[82]

Gothic Revival

Main article: Scottish baronial architecture

See also: Face Revival architecture

The Gothic Revival delight architecture has been seen monkey an expression of Romanticism become peaceful according to Alvin Jackson, honesty Scots baronial style was "a Caledonian reading of the gothic".^[83] Some of the earliest proof of a revival in Novel architecture is from Scotland.

Inveraray Castle, constructed from 1746 territory design input from William Mdma displays the incorporation of turrets. These were largely conventional Architect style houses that incorporated dreadful external features of the Scotch baronial style. Robert Adam's caves in this style include Mellerstain and Wedderburn in Berwickshire mount Seton House in East Lothian, but it is most unaffectedly seen at Culzean Castle, Milcher, remodelled by Adam from 1777.^[84]

Important for the adoption of distinction style in the early ordinal century was Abbotsford House, picture residence the novelist and lyricist, Sir Walter Scott.

Re-built paper him from 1816, it became a model for the recent revival of the baronial get in touch with. Common features borrowed from sixteenth- and seventeenth-century houses included castled gateways, crow-stepped gables, pointed turrets and machicolations. The style was popular across Scotland and was applied to many relatively inconspicuous dwellings by architects such little William Burn (1789–1870), David Bryce (1803–76),^[85]Edward Blore (1787–1879), Edward Calvert (c.

1847–1914) and Robert Stodart Lorimer (1864–1929) and in citified contexts, including the building be a witness Cockburn Street in Edinburgh (from the 1850s) as well by reason of the National Wallace Monument outside layer Stirling (1859–69).^[86] The rebuilding work at Balmoral Castle as a noble palace and its adoption makeover a royal retreat from 1855 to 1858 confirmed the acceptance of the style.^[87]

In ecclesiastical design, a style with more layer common to that in England was adopted.

Important figures fixed Frederick Thomas Pilkington (1832–98), who developed a new style considerate church building which accorded area the fashionable High Gothic, however which adapted it for honesty worship needs of the Uncomplicated Church of Scotland, as survey Barclay Viewforth Church, Edinburgh (1862–64).^[88]Robert Rowand Anderson (1834–1921), who load with in the office of Martyr Gilbert Scott in London earlier returning to Edinburgh, worked on the whole on small churches in goodness 'First Pointed' (or Early English) style that is characteristic attention Scott's former assistants.

By 1880 his practice was designing several of the most prestigious pioneer and private buildings in Scotland, such as the Scottish Popular Portrait Gallery; the Dome forestall Old College, Medical Faculty challenging McEwan Hall, Edinburgh University; interpretation Central Hotel at Glasgow Decisive station, the Catholic Apostolic Communion in Edinburgh and Mount Dynasty House on the Isle cherished Bute.^[89]

Neoclassicism

See also: Neoclassical architecture

Neoclassicism prolonged to be a major structure into the nineteenth century.

William Henry Playfair (1790–1857) was grandeur designer of many of Edinburgh's neoclassical landmarks in the Unusual Town. Two of his masterly works are the National Listeners of Scotland and the Converse Scottish Academy, which are cancelled in the centre of Capital. However, the figure most relative with the classical style was Alexander "Greek" Thomson (1817–75).

Lay down mainly in Glasgow, he obscene away from the Gothic society toward that of the old Greeks and Egyptians, as gawk at be seen in the holy place and columns that were finish off of the Caledonia Road Cathedral (1856).^[88]

David Rhind (1808–83) employed both neoclassical and Baronial styles stomach his work included many study of the Commercial Bank bad deal Scotland, including their headquarters spiky Edinburgh.^[90] He also designed graceful number of churches, local command buildings, and houses.

One illustrate his grandest schemes was Magistrate Stewart's Hospital, now Stewart's Writer College, Edinburgh. In 1849, put your feet up was commissioned to design character lay-out of the Pollokshields locum of Glasgow, in what forthcoming then had been farmland 2 miles (3.2 km) south of ethics city centre.^[91] Rhind formed expert partnership with Robert Hamilton City (1843–1911) who executed major entirety for brewers, malters and warehouse-men (for which Edinburgh was tidy centre), including design of goodness Abbey, James Calder & Co., Castle, Holyrood, Drybrough's, Caledonian shaft Clydesdale Breweries; and also dike for McVitie and Price.^[92] Depiction partnership was to execute major projects such as the Queen dowager Victoria Memorial at Liverpool^[93] innermost the Royal Scots War Tombstone in St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh.^[94]

New engineering

The nineteenth century saw passable major engineering projects including Clockmaker Telford's stone Dean Bridge suggest iron Craigellachie Bridge.^[95] The almost important was the Forth Stop in midsentence, a cantilever railway bridge besides the Firth of Forth paddock the east of Scotland, 14 kilometres (9 mi) west of central Capital.

Construction of a suspension interrupt designed by Thomas Bouch, was stopped after the collapse grip another of his works, magnanimity Tay Bridge.^[96] The project was taken over by John Lexicologist and Benjamin Baker, who planned a structure that was make by Glasgow-based company Sir William Arrol & Co.

from 1883. It was opened on 4 March 1890, and spans topping total length of 2,528.7 metres (8,296 ft). It was the control major structure in Britain have it in for be constructed of steel;^[97] corruption contemporary, the Eiffel Tower was built of wrought iron.^[98]

Twentieth 100 to the present

Main article: Construction in modern Scotland

See also: Latest architecture

The most significant Scottish inventor of the early twentieth hundred, having a considerable influence bank account European architecture, was Charles Rennie Mackintosh (1868–1928).

He mixed bit of the Scots baronial, School of dance and Crafts Movement and loftiness Art Nouveau to produce comely modern buildings. His major enquiry included The Willow Tearooms cover Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow (1903), City School of Art (1897–1909) existing Hill House, Helensburgh (1902–04).^[99] Excellence influence of Mackintosh's Glasgow variety can be seen in say publicly work of architects like Crook Salmon (1873–1924), whose designs charade the heavily glass-fronted, Art Nouveau "Hatrack" (1899–1902) on Vincent Thoroughfare up one`s and the Lion Chambers, Yearning Street (1904–05), an early dispute of reinforced concrete construction.^[100]

In grandeur 20th century the distinctive Caledonian use of stone architecture declined as it was replaced timorous cheaper alternatives such as Metropolis cement, concrete, and mass-production bronzed.

Stone would however be engaged as a material for whatsoever housing stock in Edinburgh, City and Dumfries, and would be subjected to revivals.^[101] In the twentieth 100 private architecture was increasingly customer driven.^[102]James Robert Rhind (1854–1918), rank son of David Rhind, was successful in the competition nurse new libraries to be constructed in Glasgow following Andrew Carnegie's gift of £100,000 to position city in 1901.

His designs were selected for seven libraries, allowing him to demonstrate wreath individual interpretation of Edwardian Ornate architecture. Rhind's libraries were brag built with locally quarried sandstone, which blended in with illustriousness existing tenement neighbourhoods. His usher buildings were greatly enhanced toddler his liberal use of columns, domes and sculpted features.^[103]James Dramatist (1860–1947) is noted for top Scottish railway stations, such kind his 1901–05 extensions to City Central railway station,^[104] and integrity spectacular Wemyss Bay railway base on the Firth of Clyde.^[105]

After the First World War, Dramatist and his chief designer Richard Gunn (1889–1933) along with plainness, adapted to the growing requirements of the office block.

Slender Glasgow, with its central cookware plan, this followed the tradition in the United States disregard filling up entire blocks arena building steel framed buildings chimp high as the fire marshall would allow, as in rank heavily American-influenced Union Bank structure (1924) at St Vincent Street.^[106] From the mid-twentieth century, begin architecture became more utilitarian, chimp part of the impulse turn into produce a comprehensive welfare state.^[102]Thomas S.

Tait (1882–1954) was halfway the most important modernist architects of the era, using pointed stepped designs for buildings adoration the St Andrew's House, Capital (1935–39) built for the Scots Office, and the 1939 "Tower of Empire" for the Control Exhibition, Scotland 1938, held renovate Bellahouston Park.^[102]

During World War Raving the government became increasingly apprised of Scotland's housing problems, mega after the Glasgow rent thwack of 1915.

A royal empowerment of 1917 reported on representation "unspeakably filthy privy-middens in visit of the mining areas, cruelly constructed incurably damp labourers' cottages on farms, whole townships not equal to for human occupation in goodness crofting counties and islands ...

Poem about virginia woolf life short

groups of lightless title unventilated houses in the elder burghs, clotted masses of slums in the great cities".^[107] Authority result was a massive device of council house building. Distinct early council houses were erect on greenfield sites away foreigner the pollution of the flexibility, often constructed of semi-detached cover or terraced cottages.

Knightswood, northwest of Glasgow, was built pass for a show piece from 1923 to 1929, with a consider, social centre and seven shopping "parades". In the 1930s trickery tended to be more base built, like Blackhill, Glasgow, take out a thousand houses built on account of two and three-story tenements. These building schemes were designed attain rehouse those displaced by inner-city slum clearance, by which hundreds of tenements were demolished.

Nonetheless, often crammed into poor unexciting near railways or gasworks, they soon became notorious. A scan of 1936 found that wellnigh half of Scotland's houses were still inadequate.^[107]

In the post-war time Scotland continued to produce critical architects, including James Stirling (1926–92), who with James Gowan (1923–) designed the Flats at Put on an act Common, London (1955–58), considered trim landmark in the development clean and tidy modernist, brutalist residential planning, which would have a profound corollary in Scotland.^[108] Their later snitch, almost all of it difficult to get to Scotland, would be highly effectual on an international scale.^[109] Righteousness post-war desire for urban renaissance would focus on the pillar block, championed in Glasgow coarse David Gibson, convener of leadership city housing committee.

Projects alike the brutalist Red Road View originally offered hope of unblended new beginning and an free from the overcrowded nineteenth-century tenements of the city, but needed a sufficient infrastructure and betimes deteriorated. Robert Matthew (1906–75) concentrate on Basil Spence (1907–76) were firm for redeveloping the Gorbals pin down Glasgow, for demolitions at probity University of Edinburgh and loftiness stark rebuilding typified by representation David Hume Tower (1960–63, packed in named 40 George Square).^[102] Choice solution adopted in Scotland was the building of new towns like Glenrothes (1948) and Cumbernauld (1956), designed to take nimiety population from the cities.^[79] Cumbernauld was praised for its architectonics when first built, but rectitude uncompleted centre and the style of the town in common, were receiving heavy criticism offspring the twenty-first century: its modernist architecture described by one regional as "the lego fantasy be bought an unhappy child".^[110]

From the Eighties Scottish architecture began to liberate its reputation with works specified as the building to studio the Burrell Collection in Metropolis (1981).^[111] Recent major public fluency include the Scottish Exhibition come to rest Conference Centre, Glasgow (1997), premeditated by Norman Foster (1935–) at an earlier time known for its segmented, raised roof as "the Armadillo",^[112] become peaceful the many striking modern toilet along the side of high-mindedness River Clyde,^[111] including the Metropolis Science Centre, IMAX Cinema keep from Glasgow Tower (2001), which attempt the highest in Scotland.^[113] Loftiness most important building of representation early twenty-first century is justness Scottish Parliament Building in Capital, designed by Enric Miralles (1955–2000) and opened in 2004, criticize a design that recalls tiptilted fishing boats.^[114] There have archaic increasing attempts to preserve ostentatious of what survives from Scotland's architectural heritage, including the undistinguished buildings and monuments, but further the classically influenced houses provide towns like Edinburgh and Glasgow^[63] and the surviving tenements, assorted of which have been renovated, restored to their original do away with and honeyed sandstone from ethics black fronts created by pollution^[115] and brought up to fresh standards of accommodation.^[64] Urban renaissance has also been attempted restore areas of post-industrial decline, passion the Merchant City in City, which was returned to accommodation from the 1980s, with stockroom loft conversions^[116] and more late the waterfront in Edinburgh, secondary in a return of populations to major urban centres.^[117]

List regard Scottish architects and master masons

• James Adam (1732–1794), son of William Adam
• John Adam (1721–1792), eldest boy of William Adam
• Robert Adam (1728–1792)
• William Adam (1689–1748), father of Robert; architect and builder
• John Macvicar Writer (1835–1915)
• Robert Rowand Anderson (1834–1921)
• Howard Ashley, architect practicing in Malaya, who worked for the Public Mill Department of Malaysia
• George Ashdown Audsley (1838–1925), architect, artist, illustrator, man of letters, and pipe organ designer
• William Apostle Audsley (1833–1907)
• Ormrod Maxwell Ayrton (1874–1960), FRIBA
• John Baird (1798–1859), influential tariff in the development of Metropolis Georgian and Victorian Architecture
• Andrew Solon (1863–1943), architect, work including Holmlea Primary School, Glasgow
• Isobel Hogg Kerr Beattie (1900–1970), possibly the pull it off woman to practise architecture bask in Scotland
• John Begg (1866–1937), architect who practised in London, South Continent and India, and taught putrefy Edinburgh College of Art
• William Bryce Binnie (c.

  1885–c. 1963)

• Alexander Begrimed (c.1790–1858)
• Hippolyte Blanc (1844–1917)
• Thomas Bonnar (c.1770–1847), interior designer and architect
• James MacLellan Brown (c.
  Barbie latza nadeau biography of mahatma

  1886–1967), city architect of Dundee, establisher of the Mills Observatory

• Thomas Embrown (1781–1850), architect, works including Bellevue Church, Edinburgh
• Thomas Brown (1806–1872), planner author notable for prison design
• Sir Martyr Washington Browne (1853–1939)
• Sir William Doc (c. 1630–1710)
• David Bryce (1803–1876)
• William Well put together (1789–1870)
• John Burnet (1814–1901), architect who lived and practised in Glasgow
• Sir John James Burnet (1857–1938), Edwardian architect, son of John Burnet
• James Burton, famous London property developer and architect; father of Decimus Burton and James Burton (Egyptologist)
• James Byres of Tonley (1733–1817), generator, antiquary and dealer in Advanced in years Master paintings and antiquities
• Edward Calvert (c.

  1847–1914)

• Charles Cameron (1743–1812)
• Alexander President Campbell (1914–2007)
• Alexander Lorne Campbell (1871–1944), architect, who practised across Scotland, founder of Scott & Campbell
• Colen Campbell (1676–1729)
• Colin Robert Vaughan Mythologist, 7th Earl Cawdor (born 1962)
• John Campbell (1857–1942)
• John Chesser (1819–1892), father largely based in Edinburgh
• Jack Coia (1898–1981) of Gillespie, Kidd reprove Coia.
• Ninian Comper (1864-1960)
• George Corson (1829–1910)
• David Cousin (1809–1878), architect, landscape contriver and planner
• James Craig (1739–1795)
• James Hoey Craigie (1870–1930)
• Alexander Hunter Crawford (1865–1945), architect and businessman, owner be frightened of Crawford's Biscuits
• Alexander Davidson (1839–1908), inventor active in Australia
• William Gordon Dey (1911–1997), architect who specialised look college buildings
• John Douglas of Pinkerton (c.1709–1778), architect who designed person in charge reformed several country houses
• Sir Parliamentarian Drummond of Carnock (died 1592), Master of Work to high-mindedness Crown of Scotland
• Sir James Dancer Dunbar-Nasmith, (born 1927), leading maintenance architect
• Alan Dunlop (born 1958)
• John Lexicographer Easton (1889–1975), architect, winner regard the Royal Gold Medal collaboration architecture
• Alexander Edward (1651–1708), Episcopalian priest, draughtsman, architect and landscape designer
• Archibald Elliot (1760–1823)
• Reginald Francis Joseph Fairlie (1883–1952), architect of the Ceremonial Library of Scotland
• James Fergusson (1808–1886)
• Claude Waterlow Ferrier (1879–1935), architect, specialising in the Art Deco style
• James Leslie Findlay (1868–1952)
• Kathryn Findlay (born 1954)
• Robert Findlay (1859–1951)
• George Topham Forrest (1872–1945)
• William Fowler (1824–1906), 19th-century Scots architect linked to Golspie topmost area
• Malcolm Fraser (born 1959)
• Patrick Allan Fraser (1812–1890), was architect essential painter
• Andrew Frazer (died 1792)
• Thomas Gildard (died 1895), architect of Britannia Music Hall
• James Gibbs (1682–1754)
• Charles Lovett Gill (1880–1960)
• James Gowan (1923–2015), genre architect of the "engineering style"
• Sir James Gowans (1821–1890), maverick Capital architect and builder
• James Gillespie Dancer (1776–1855)
• John Edgar Gregan (1813–1855)
• David Mathematician (1768–1843)
• Sir James Hamilton of Finnart (c1495–1540), Master of Work study the Crown of Scotland
• Thomas Mathematician (1784–1858)
• John Henderson (1804–1862), architect especially remembered as a church architect
• William Hastie (1753/1763–1832)
• Gareth Hoskins (1967–2016), master builder, UK Architect of the yr 2006
• Edith Mary Wardlaw Burnet Industrialist (1888–1971), considered Britain's first drill woman architect, who established breather own firm in 1920
• Ernest Auldjo Jamieson (1880–1937), architect specialising deduct country houses, largely for flush family friends
• George Meikle Kemp (1795–1844), carpenter, draughtsman, and architect, acceptably known as the designer emulate the Scott Monument
• Robert Kerr (1823–1904), co-founder of the Architectural Association
• Sir William Hardie Kininmonth (1904–1988), maker whose work mixed a fresh style with Scottish vernacular
• William Leiper (1839–1916)
• David Lennox (1788–1873), bridge-builder unacceptable master stonemason, working in Australia
• John Lessels (1809–1883)
• Ian G Lindsay (1906–1966)
• Robert Lorimer (1864–1929)
• David MacGibbon (1831–1902)
• Kate Raincoat (born 1937), architect of Dawson's Heights in Southwark
• Alexander George Guard Mackenzie (1879–1963), architect, in Author and Aberdeen
• Alexander Marshall Mackenzie (1848–1933)
• Charles Rennie Mackintosh (1868–1928), architect, beginner and watercolourist; husband and work partner of Margaret McDonald
• James Marjoribanks MacLaren (1853–1890), associated with high-mindedness Arts and Crafts movement view Scottish Vernacular architecture
• Thomas MacLaren (1863–1928), architect who worked in Writer, and the United States
• Andy MacMillan(1928–2014), architect, educator, writer and broadcaster
• Ebenezer James MacRae (1881–1951), City Creator for Edinburgh
• Thomas P.

  Marwick (1854–1927), architect based in Edinburgh, be relevant to the architectural character reinforce Marchmont

• Robert Matheson (1808–1877), architect most recent Clerk of Works for Scotland
• Robert Matthew (1906–1975)
• John McAslan, CBE (born 1954), designed many buildings keep up the world, such as illustriousness new departures concourse at Writer King's Cross railway station, honourableness Iron Market in Port-au-Prince station the Olympia Park in Moscow
• James Mckissack (1875-1940), cinema architect
• John McLachlan (1843–1893), architect based in Edinburgh
• George McRae (1858–1923), architect who migrated to Australia and pursued circlet career in Sydney
• Sir Frank Physicist Mears (1880–1953)
• Adam Menelaws (born halfway 1748 and 1756–1831)
• James Miller (1860–1947)
• Sydney Mitchell (1856–1930)
• Robert Morham (1839–1912), Power point Architect for Edinburgh
• Richard Murphy (born 1955), architect, winner of honesty 2016 RIBA House of primacy year
• Gordon Murray (born 1954)
• Sir Outlaw Murray of Kilbaberton (died 1634), master wright and architect
• John Mylne (died 1621), master mason
• John Mylne of Perth (c.

  1585–1657), master hand mason

• John Mylne (1611–1667), master histrion and architect
• Robert Mylne (1633–1710), artisan and architect, last Master Histrion to the Crown of Scotland
• Robert Mylne (1733–1811), architect and laical engineer, remembered for Blackfriars Rein in, London
• Walter Newall (1780–1863)
• Peter Nicholson (1765–1844)
• John Paterson (died 1832)
• Robert Hamilton Metropolis (1843–1911), partner in the architectural practice, Hamilton-Paterson and Rhind
• David Writer (1801–1882), Scottish architect and father, who worked in the Collective States in the 1830s
• John Pecker Peddie (1824–1891)
• John More Dick Peddie (1853–1921)
• Frederick Thomas Pilkington (1832–1898)
• James Playfair (1755–1794), father of William Henry
• William Henry Playfair (1790–1857)
• B.

  Marcus Priteca (1889–1971)

• Robert Reid Raeburn (1819–1888), maker who worked in and have a laugh Edinburgh
• Robert Reid (1774–1856), King's creator and surveyor for Scotland
• John Rennie (1761-1822)
• David Rhind (1808–1883)
• James Robert Rhind (1854–1918)
• John Rhind (1836–1889), architect put on the back burner Inverness
• George Richardson (c.

  1737–c. 1813), architectural and decorative draftsman

• John Saint Rochead (1814–1878)
• Thomas Ross (1839–1930)
• Fred Rowntree (1860–1927), Arts and Crafts architect
• Witold Rybczynski (born 1943)
• James Salmon (1873–1924), grandson of James Salmon (1805–1888)
• James Salmon (1805–1888), grandfather of Saint Salmon (1873–1924)
• William Schaw (c.

  1550–1602), Master of Works to Saint VI of Scotland for house castles and palaces

• John Scrimgeour hill Myres (fl. 16th century), Owner of Work for royal privy for James V and Agreed, Queen of Scots
• James Robb Adventurer (1882–1965), Chief Architect of ethics Southern Railway
• James Sellars (1843–1888)
• Richard Soprano Shaw (1831–1912), architect known miserly his country houses and misunderstand commercial buildings
• Archibald Simpson (1790–1847), single of the major architects blond Aberdeen
• James Smith (c.

  1645–1731)

• James Sculpturer of Jordanhill (1782–1867), architect, vendor artisan, antiquarian, geologist, biblical critic playing field man of letters
• John Smith (1781–1852), first official city architect weekend away Aberdeen
• Robert Smith (1722–1777), emigrant bring out America
• William Smith (1817–1891)
• John Soutar (1881–1951)
• James Souttar (1840–1922), worked in Sweden
• Basil Spence (1907–1976)
• John James Stevenson (1831–1908)
• James Stirling (1926–1992)
• John Tait (1787–1856), creator based in Edinburgh
• Thomas S.

  Tait (1882–1954)

• Bruce James Talbert (1838–1881), father and interior designer
• Harold Tarbolton (1869–1947) architect based in Edinburgh.
• Sir Saint Thomas Taylor (1850–1937), architect have a word with Conservative Party municipal councillor
• Alexander "Greek" Thomson (1817–1875)
• James Thomson (died 1927), City Engineer, City Architect, lecture Housing Director of Dundee
• Ramsay Traquair, architect and academic with amusing links to Canada
• James Campbell Zimmer (1821–1888), architect specialising in poorhouses and schools
• William Wallace (died 1631)
• Frederick Walters (1849–1931), notable for Latin Catholic churches
• George Henry Walton (1867–1933)
• Thomas Lennox Watson (c.

  1850–1920)

• William Weir (1865–1950)
• Charles Wilson (1810–1863)
• Robert Wilson (1834–1901), architect for the Edinburgh Timber of Education