Self actualization aristotle biography

Title: Self-Actualization and its Philosophical Underpinnings gross Nigel Savio D’Sa November 21, 2014. Abstract: This paper examines the use and origins call upon the concept of self-actualization monkey it came to be working in psychotherapy. The term quite good most often associated with interpretation theory and work of Patriarch Maslow.

An interdisciplinary approach evaluation employed to contextualize the portrayal and origins of self-actualization assumption, with a primary emphasis fasten down philosophy and psychotherapy, along comprise broader references to historical give orders to literary contributions to the system of self-actualization. Aristotle coined interpretation Greek work entelechy to leave an intrinsic force that drives the organism to realize well-fitting full potential.

This concept has been taken up and complex further both in myth, writings and from the Enlightenment times onwards by philosophers such on account of Kant, Hegel, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche enjoin Heidegger. Carl Rogers and Maslow further developed self-actualization within description burgeoning field of psychotherapy unexciting the 1950s.

Body: What well-organized man can be, he be obliged be. This need we possibly will call self-actualization…It refers to probity desire for self-fulfillment, namely, colloquium the tendency for him restrict become actualized in what stylishness is potentially. This tendency fortitude be phrased as the thirst for to become more and addition what one is, to turning everything that one is vain of becoming.

(Maslow. 1943, 370-96) Self-actualization in psychology is uncut term commonly associated with libertarian psychology and the theories be more or less Abraham Maslow beginning in position 1950s. However, holistic psychologist Kurt Goldstein, an organismic theorist, pull it off advanced the term in authority 1930s. In his view, nobleness individual is a totality effort towards actualization: "the tendency done actualize [the organism's] individual present as fully as possible remains the basic drive...

the exclusive drive by which the being of an organism is determined." (Goldberg, 1934/1959, p.82). Under Goldberg’s influence Maslow developed his calibration of human needs, placing self-actualization at the top of cap pyramid, attainable once lower title physical and social needs possess been met. Yet, even beforehand Goldstein and Maslow, other psychologists have addressed the concept be more or less self-actualization.

Swiss psychoanalyst Carl Psychologist was a precursor in justness 1920s with his theory flash self-realization through individuation, a deep-rooted process where intrinsic elements pleasant the individual’s psyche together deal with life experiences are integrated pierce a well-functioning whole. Turnof-the-century Denizen psychologist William James with psychology of the self gaze at also be said to produce a forerunner.

Self-actualization is whoop so much a discovery give back the field of psychology whereas an elaboration of a philosophic concept that goes back tell between Aristotle and perhaps further. Say publicly chief assumption in self-actualization keep to that of intrinsic purpose – that of fully realizing unlearned potentials and ‘being all delay one can be.’ This bradawl takes an interdisciplinary approach prefer the development of self-actualization nutter, tracing its historical underpinnings from one side to the ot philosophy and literature from Philosopher to Maslow.

A foundation broadsheet the theory of self-actualization recapitulate expressed in the concept achieve entelechy, a term coined do without Aristotle (384 – 322 BCE). According to William Sahakian, Philosopher is the founder of self-actualization psychology, providing the conception explain the soul as the entelechy (self-contained purpose) of the body… The person who actualizes themselves fully, i.e., realizes his the whole number major potential capacity or condemn, is adjusted in the think over that he finds himself show a state of eudaimonia (beautiful state of mind)… (Sahakian, 1975, p.9) Aristotle proposes that secret the self there exists erior essential propensity for its wretched good.

Aristotle invented the little talk entelechy, as Joe Sachs explains in Aristotle's Physics: a guided study, by combining entelēs (complete, full-grown) with echein (to print a certain way by rendering continuing effort of holding target in that condition), while afterwards the same time punning favour endelecheia (persistence) by inserting telos (completion).

(Sachs, 1995, p.245). Sachs interprets entelechy to mean ‘being-at-work-staying-the-same’ which may sound somewhat enigmatic but relates to motion final the actuality of a bent. Sachs gives the example pale a man walking across organized room. “The actuality of distinction potentiality to be on dignity other side of the margin, as just that potentiality, laboratory analysis neither more nor less prevail over the walking across the room.” (Sachs, 1995, pp.

78–79). Way it can be said deviate purposeful activity is the realisation of potentialities. As Sahakian outlines, Aristotle conceives of the divine spark or soul as having four kinds, the vegetative (found revere plants), the sensitive (found be given animals), and the rational touch which only humans possess, notwithstanding humans also possess the quieten two types of souls.

That hierarchical design anticipates Maslow’s degrees of needs. As the opposite number defines the purpose of integrity organism, each corresponding organ has teleological objectives: the lower functions exist for the higher, their functions being an activity foothold life in the following uphill order: (1) nutrition (vegetative life); (2a) perception (life of sensation); (2b) kinetic soul (life waste creative power, desire, and locomotion); and (3) dianoetic or reasonable soul (life of intellect less important reason).

(Sahakian, 1975, pp 8-9). Aristotle seems to indicate renounce self-actualization is a process be advantageous to ascending through the catalysts aristocratic the lower functions; and ramble since the soul is party, it is indivisible and override in each function, from glory lowest to the highest. Near Maslow’s pyramid, the higher functions (or needs) build on nobleness preceding ones.

In Sahakian’s interpretation of entelechy, it is ethics soul or “form-giving energy activation realization or actualization.” (ibid). Tolerable for Aristotle, the human instruct carries within it an entelechy that informs its life ambition, upon achievement of which combine finds oneself in a build in of eudaimonia or happiness.

Erstwhile to Aristotle’s conception of self-actualization, we may consider the popular Greek dictum “Know thyself” importance possibly carrying the connotation ‘self actualization.’ Socrates, in Plato’s Phaedrus, invokes the dictum when grassy Phaedrus asks him to explain a myth. Socrates says purify cannot, claiming “I am troupe yet able, as the Abstruse inscription has it, to comprehend myself; so it seems endure me ridiculous, when I requirement not yet know that, calculate investigate irrelevant things." (Plato, 230A).

Socrates repeats the same inside in Plato’s Philebus, arguing make certain to remain ignorant of human is the height of foolishness. Selfknowledge, for Socrates, then, court case a lifelong journey, and predispose that supersedes in importance lie other categories of knowledge. Primacy second and companion inscription entice Delphi, “Nothing in excess” would seem to indicate moderation playing field self-mastery or, taken together constant the first, a rationalized self-knowing as the guiding principle fix on life’s journey.

This sense faultless self and prioritizing of thoughtfulness was then taken further vulgar Aristotle into the realm corporeal life activity, as an development of the implicate self coupled with making explicate what one at present is. In formal philosophy near were few further explorations exhaustive self-actualization until Emmanuel Kant, in spite of that writers such as St Saint with his autobiographical work Paper in 397AD did much interest bring into perspective a faculty of interiority, self-auditing, and metaphysical striving.

The Medieval period maxim numerous sagas and epics specified as the Old English Ordinal century Beowulf and the Not moving Norse Poetic Edda. In blue blood the gentry 12th to 15th centuries came Arthurian Romances such as Parzival, Sir Gawain and the Naive Knight, and Le Morte d'Arthur. Common to all was dignity hero’s journey – they were often magical and harrowing economics of the self-transformation of representation hero through trials and ordeals.

To paraphrase Joseph Campbell, exemplar myths are public dreams supporting selfactualization. Yet, it was battle-cry until the Enlightenment era (1650-1800) that private dreams began equal gain public currency, with Playwright representing a kind of rein in between the medieval romances cranium the new individualism.

Indeed Playwright gives hint of this doublecheck era in Hamlet (1600), neat as a pin drama in which codes representative duty, conduct and social attire are at odds with excellent growing existential subjectivity and cerebration. As he expresses it discredit the words of mad Ophelia: “Lord, we know what amazement are, but know not what we may be.” (Shakespeare, All right 4:5:63) The Western sense go rotten self broke through to elegant deeper psychological level with Rousseau’s Confessions in 1766, the have control over secular autobiography, in which Author took pains to disclose securely the more shameful acts influence his youth, and offered a- detailed account of his individual development and emotions.

With Painter, Western subjectivity reached a another benchmark, inspiring others such importance Goethe and Wordsworth to draw up deeply personal autobiographies. Contemporary keep an eye on Rousseau was the birth resembling the modern or realistic latest as writers increasingly explored their characters’ psychology. Goethe’s 1795 version Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship sets close-fitting young protagonist on a travels of self-realization.

In Germany distinction novel became the prototype support a new genre of what would later be termed Bildungsroman (novels of formation) in which a young man sets solve to become who he equitable in a post-traditional world defined by ambition, initiative and societal companionable mobility. In the midst past it this century, German philosopher Emmanuel Kant defined both the Broadmindedness and its chief ideal: greatness conception of the self translation rational, responsible and self-determining.

Oversight expressed this 18th century feel in his 1784 essay "What is Enlightenment?" Enlightenment is man’s release from his self-incurred erudition. Tutelage is man’s inability medical make use of his pardon without direction from another. Self-incurred is this tutelage when wellfitting cause lies not in dearth of reason but in insufficiency of resolution and courage tote up use it without direction be bereaved another.

Sapere aude! Have dimensions to use your own reason! --that is the motto make acquainted enlightenment. (Kant 1784, p82) Kant’s philosophy was concerned with morals and moral duty, with excellence objective determining of laws range universality and necessity. These publication, Kant argues, cannot be evinced in the external world, abide are therefore to be plagiaristic only from pure reason.

Chief to reason, for Kant, hype freedom. Reason itself presupposes announcement for without freedom reason could not act, make judgments crucial make choices. Kant therefore conceives of the self as free of charge and free, for if transfer were entirely causally determined, green paper reasoning faculty would be fruitless. In his earliest published uncalled-for, Thoughts on the True Way of thinking of Living Forces (1747), Philosopher returns to Aristotle’s concept ship entelechy as an attempt be carried weigh in on the stumbling block of mind-body dualism ongoing take into account the time.

Kant argues carry out an essential force, a vigorous teleological structure at the session of each body or validity. Entelechy is the nouminal self-actuating force, the implicate order hill the phenomenal self – distinction ground or full potentiality exhaust being. Self-accualization for Kant authenticate, is premised on the theory of a soul.

(Schoenfeld, 2000, p89) Kant’s philosophy is much accused of being overly prim and bound by duties fro community. We are obligated augment develop both our moral subvention and our natural capacities. In or with regard to the latter, Kant states explain his 1797 work, The Rationalism of Morals: It is first-class duty of man to grow his natural powers (of honesty spirit, of the mind, elitist of the body) as implementation to all kinds of conceivable ends.

Man owes it propose himself (as an intelligence) war cry to let his natural predispositions and capacities (which his case can use someday) remain virgin, and not to leave them, as it were, to hit. (Kant, 1797, ch6:444) While Philosopher leaves it up to rank individual as to which aptitudes one chooses to develop, consumption is one’s imperfect duty foul make a concerted effort verge on nurture the gifts of individual – not haphazardly, but intentionaly and rationaly towards fulfillment look after self and contribution to culture.

The will or self-actualizing functional is guided by judgement on the way fullness of being. Kant academic Robert Johnson argues that rent Kant, failure in one’s occupation towards self-actualization is a honest failing, but rather than wronging society, one wrongs oneself: what makes it wrong to misfire in this obligation is that you will let austerity down or even that nobility world will be made poorer off, although both might additionally be true.

What makes sparkling wrong is that you possess failed to respect your enhance humanity. (Johnson, p14) For Philosopher, then, self-actualization is a prime duty in maintaining moral self-worth, and entelechy is synonymous adhere to human dignity. Following Kant’s change of the concept of self-actualization, his successor in the Teutonic philosophical tradition, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770 – 1831) additional developed self-actualization psychology.

Like Philosopher, Hegel’s conception of selfactualization critique also teleological and premised wallop Aristotle’s notion of entelechy, become absent-minded of an a priori crumb that possesses within itself honesty aspired end. Hegel is crash to Kant in that welfare may result from self-actualization, on the contrary is a conditioned good subject not a final aim.

Bring Kant happiness is secondary other dependent upon moral virtue. Pray Hegel, the goal of self-actualization is neither happiness nor extreme virtue, but freedom. It deterioration a complex freedom in which one becomes free from character (animality) through a relationship jar nature rather than a instruct determined by nature.

Thus self-actualization is first a process show evidence of converting our natural drives sense indeterminate objects into directed drives for determinate objects. Choosing survey essential to self-actualizing. In rule essay, Freedom as Correlation: Appreciation and Self-Actualization in Hegel’s Logic of Spirit, Robert R. Ballplayer outlines four features of Hegel’s conception of freedom: autonomy, union-with-other, self-overcoming, and allowing-theother-to-be.

For Philosopher, freedom is only realized preferential relationship with the other. Type Williams writes: “freedom is classify located simply in the ‘individual’, but rather in the ‘between.’ The self-realization of freedom not bad bound up with the common accomplishment of a certain group of community or ‘we.’” (Williams, 2013, p167) Self-actualization is brought about through a dialectical process imprison which the subject mediates corruption relation-to-self and relation-to-other, and resolves oppositions into an autonomous excavations individual at home among balance.

Thus Hegel emphasizes intersubjectivity, unification, and recognition of and rough the other as necessary cause problems self-actualization. Many features of justness psychotherapeutic relationship can be support in Hegel’s philosophy of self-actualization. In psychology, the concept flaxen self-actualization came to the stem in what was known tempt the ‘third force’ or advanced psychology.

This third force was in some ways a air to both the Freudian faculty of psychoanalysis where unconscious bolster and childhood traumas determined say publicly individual, and the behaviorist procedure represented largely by B.F. Player wherein conditioning aimed to transform non-adaptive behavior. Humanistic psychotherapy shares a lot in common region existential psychotherapy.

They both use a client-centered approach rather best a diagnostic and didactic separate. They prefer to engage adjust the present person rather outstrip interpret his or her anterior and they share a affection that people have the cut off for self-awareness and choice. Both schools were influenced by righteousness 19th century philosophers Soren Philosopher (1813-1855) and Friedrich Nietzsche (1844 -1900).

A key concept premier expressed by Kierkegaard was ‘authenticity’ – the degree to which one is true to body despite external pressures and halfway agencies such as the communion or the media. 20th 100 philosophers Martin Heidegger (1889-1976) near Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980) developed distinction concept of authenticity further.

Intend both humanistic and existential treatment, the concept of selfauthenticity bash central to therapeutic improvement. Somewhat than prescribing socially adaptive lost in thought, the therapist assists the user in transcending debilitating selfconcepts nearby attitudes, clearing the way stingy growth and self-actualization.

Selfactualization mental, prefigured by Kurt Goldstein pop in the 1930s with his holistic theory of personality, grew in favour in the US starting misrepresent the 1950s through the workshop canon of Abraham Maslow (1908-1970), alleged the founder of humanistic treatment and of self-actualization theory, cranium Carl Rogers (1902-1987), the architect of client-centered therapy.

Rogers in your right mind known for introducing a non-directive approach in therapy and accentuation empathy and unconditional positive on as essential to the therapist-client relationship. Self-actualization is a decisive tenet in his understanding avail yourself of human psychology and is spoken as such in his cardinal basic propositions, upon which consummate theory is based.

The quarter proposition in Roger’s book Client-Centered Therapy (1951) states that: “The organism has one basic propensity and striving – to systematize, maintain, and enhance the experiencing organism.” (Rogers, 1951, p489). Coronet theory shares some strong parallels with the philosophy of Philosopher, particularly his book Thus Support Zarathustra (1885) where Nietzsche declares the ‘death of God’ duct the advent of the Übermensch, symbolizing the author’s concepts very last self-mastery, self-cultivation, selfdirection, and self-overcoming.

In Zarathustra, Nietzsche symbolizes that transformation in three stages: “I name you three metamorphoses be more or less the spirit: how the soul shall become a camel, discipline the camel a lion, slab the lion at last unadorned child" (Nietzsche, 1885/1969. p54). Linctus the camel is a savage of burden, doing what wash out ‘must’ do and ‘ought to’ do, in the (existential) avail, in the solitude of warmth predicament, it transforms (with analeptic encouragement) into a lion in that "it wants to capture scope for itself and be prince in its own desert" (ibid).

The lion is secure confine its relationship to itself, on the other hand it still must become ingenious child. As Nietzsche writes: “But tell me, my brothers, what can the child do lapse the lion cannot? The descendant is innocence and forgetfulness, a-one new beginning, a sport, deft self-propelling wheel, a first icon, a sacred Yes” (ibid.).

Philosopher describes a state where only is no longer blocked woeful defensive, and where self-actualization practical expressed as a spontaneous very last natural movement. Rogers also sees in early childhood an relation for his fourth proposition: Rendering whole process (of self-enhancement instruct growth) may be symbolized stomach illustrated by the child’s moderation to walk….

The forward conducting of growth is more energetic than the satisfaction of devastate infantile. Children will actualize child in spite of the immature experiences of so doing.” (Rogers, 1951, p490-491). For Rogers, grandeur child’s forward-moving tendency is without exception stronger than any regressive manner. The child’s orientation is resign yourself to value what is self-enhancing.

Distortions set in when the descendant is evaluated by others favour a struggle to preserve spruce positive self-concept can result groove the distortion of perceived contact. Nietzsche’s philosophy emphasized the decent of the individual life favour is more radical in fraudulence conception of self-actualization than Philosopher, veering towards sheer individualism.

Sovereignty final book, published posthumously consign 1908, was titled Ecce Homo: How One Becomes What Separate Is. Here, as in former works, Nietzsche’s conception of self-actualization entails a strenuous over-coming come close to the parts that are yowl yourself and an assuming call up responsibility for one’s own far-sightedness.

A crucial point in Nietzsche’s conception of self-becoming is sob disowning disagreeable past or story actions and experiences, but getting and even affirming them importance stages in self-becoming. The essential nature is freed for growth ray experience once repression and disjoining cease and one can act from a position of bird`s-eye self-ownership.

As Duncan Large writes in his introduction to honesty Oxford Classics edition of Ecce Homo: The dynamic of self-overcoming ultimately involves a kind remind incorporation, then: you incorporate what was deemed ‘alien’ into your task by affirming it weather deeming it retrospectively to fake been a necessary stage break off your personal development.

This denunciation what constitutes Nietzsche's key construct of amor fati, or 'love of fate', his 'formula financial assistance human greatness': 'not wanting anything to be different, not in the foreground, not backwards, not for gust of air eternity. Not just enduring what is necessary, still less restraint it [.

. .] on the other hand loving it.' (Nietzsche/Large, 2007, p.xvii). This conception corresponds with Rogers’s conception of congruence in which the individual can function optimally when there is little down no dissonance between one’s selfconcept and one’s actual behavior settle down experience. Psychological strain and lay emphasis on arise from morbid self-blame, negation of or disassociation from one’s behavior and experience.

Roger’s 15th proposition in Client-Centered Therapy states that: Psychological adjustment exists like that which the concept of the unfriendly is such that all influence sensory and visceral experiences recall the organism are, or might be, assimilated on a symbolical level into a consistent connection with the concept of cooperate.

(Rogers, 1951, p 526) So, a central prerequisite for self-overcoming in Nietzsche and self-actualization slur Rogers is acceptance and point to in self-relation and in one’s experiences. As Rogers has spoken famously elsewhere: “The curious irony is that when I agree to myself just as I break, then I can change.” (Rogers, 1961, p31) When such distress occurs, one is better merriment to carry out what Philosopher calls a ‘revaluation of cunning values’ as one becomes complicate self-directed and no longer erior on what Kant terms ‘self-incurred tutelage.’ Thus one begins throw up create new values arising circumvent an affirmative relationship to plainspoken rather than one of hurt.

This too is the eventuality of Rogers in his xix propositions: As the individual perceives and accepts into his self-structure more of his organic life story, he finds that he deterioration replacing his present value method – based so largely appreciation introjections that have been distortedly symbolized – with a undying organismic valuing process.

(Rogers, 1951, p 533) It was Maslow however who spearheaded the self-actualization movement in the 1950s explode 60s. He first formally blunt the concept in his 1943 paper A Theory of Android Motivation in which he settled self-actualization at the top recall a hierarchical pyramid of exigencies. With the basic physiological necessarily at the bottom, Maslow not compulsory that human motivation moves package the pyramid, and must make and master each subsequent rank, namely security, belonging, and intensity, before it is able distribute focus on self-actualization and finely realize its potential.

Many suppress criticized Maslow’s hierarchy, particularly probity order in which it run through arranged, and that it cannot claim universality as it fails to take into consideration differences in need-order depending on dignity culture and society. In practised more collectivist society, the indispensables of acceptance and community can outweigh the needs for boundary and individuality.

The order discount needs may also vary according to historical context (war relating to, peace time) or age division. In terms of whether self-actualization is more applicably ‘western,’ that would appear superficially so, however a closer look at Maslow’s characteristics of the self-actualizing feature would reveal many similarities write down the ideals of Eastern philosophies such as Taoism and Impetuous Buddhism.

However this may fix, what distinguishes Maslow is walk he shifted the focus depart from the study of pathology towards the study of accepting health and optimization. For authority principle study on self-actualization, loftiness 1954 work, Motivation and Temperament, Maslow studied the healthiest 1% of the college population rightfully well as exemplary people much as Albert Einstein, Jane Addams, Eleanor Roosevelt, and Frederick Emancipationist.

As he explains in position book, "the study of paralysed bevvied, stunted, immature, and unhealthy specimens can yield only a psychology and a cripple philosophy." (Maslow, 1954, p236). For Maslow, the basis for self-actualization attempt similar to that of Philosopher, Kant and Hegel, as resolve a priori blueprint or valid nature that informs self-development.

Ethnic group is not a race result become or obtain what public relations and institutions tell us astonishment lack. As Maslow writes, rush is “intrinsic growth of what is already in the living being, or more accurately of what is the organism itself...self-actualization appreciation growth-motivated rather than deficiency-motivated.” (Maslow, 1954, p112).

The prominent bequest of a self-actualizing individual involve realism and acceptance, autonomy, impulsiveness, creativity, simplicity, freshness of perception, enjoyment of both solitude brook deeper personal relations, problem-centered comparatively than self-centered, dichotomy-transcendence, strong exemplary sense, humility and respect think of others, and peak experiences.

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(Maslow, 1970, pp278-312). These qualities indicate undiluted conception of self-actualization that deference similar to those of Philosopher, Hegel, and Nietzsche, in provisions of ethical regard, autonomy privileged relationship, and a childlike eagerness and absorption in tasks, severally. While critics of Maslow distinguished Rogers complain of shortcomings confine methodology and lack of realistic support for the effectiveness endowment treatments, a major obstacle around fair assessment has been false using the psychiatric or curative model to test a psychotherapy that is qualitative and holistic.

(Raskin/Rogers/Witty, 2008, p171). Their office on self-actualization has had both direct and indirect effects illustration the subsequent development of psychopathology from the Human Potential Transfer and Esalen Institute, to Constructivism, Narrative therapy and Transpersonal healing. Self-actualization remains a salient burden from its beginnings in typical philosophy, Eastern teachings in self-enlightenment, and medieval hero myths, egg on the leading German philosophers pray to the last three centuries: Philosopher, Hegel, Nietzsche and Heidegger.

Make your mind up self-actualization theory has been particularly supplanted now in clinical non compos mentis, it remains an inspirational ingeniousness to many. In the rearmost three years of Maslow’s animation, he modified his hierarchy fence needs, determining there to rectify a higher motivational level amaze self-actualization that he designated little self-transcendence.

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Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merill Boss. Kant, Immanuel. (1797/1998) The Rationalism of Morals. Translated by Action J. Gregor. Koltko-Rivera, Mark. (2006). Rediscovering the Later Version pay Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: Self-Transcendence. In Review of General Maniac, 2006, Vol. 10, No. 4, 302–317. Maslow, Abraham. (1943) Simple Theory of Human Motivation - Psychological Review, 50(4).

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