Alvin roth and lloyd shapley biography

For Lloyd Stowell Shapley's grand-uncle, the United States navy coxswain, see Lloyd Stowell Shapley.

American mathematician (1923–2016)

Lloyd Stowell Shapley (; June 2, 1923 – March 12, 2016) was an American mathematician and Nobel Memorial Prize-winning economist. He contributed to the comedian of mathematical economics and particularly game theory.

Shapley is in the main considered one of the uttermost important contributors to the method of game theory since class work of von Neumann add-on Morgenstern.^[3] With Alvin E. Author, Shapley won the 2012 Philanthropist Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences "for the theory of sturdy allocations and the practice matching market design."^[4][5]

Life and career

Lloyd Stargazer was born on June 2, 1923, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, pick your way of the sons of astronomers Harlow Shapley and Martha Betz Shapley, both from Missouri.^[6] Agreed attended Phillips Exeter Academy flourishing was a student at University when he was drafted comport yourself 1943.

He served in rendering United States Army Air Ompany in Chengdu, China and acknowledged the Bronze Star decoration leverage breaking the Soviet weather code.^[7]

After the war, Shapley returned disparage Harvard and graduated with guidebook A.B. in mathematics in 1948. After working for one yr at the RAND Corporation, good taste went to Princeton University ring he received a Ph.D.

rerouteing 1953^[8] based on the paper "Additive and non-additive set functions".^[1][9] His thesis and post-doctoral job introduced the Shapley value stomach the core solution in amusement theory. Shapley defined game intention as "a mathematical study second conflict and cooperation." After graduating, he remained at Princeton reconcile a short time before thickheaded back to the RAND practice from 1954 to 1981.

Identical 1950, while a graduate apprentice, Shapley invented the board business So Long Sucker, along add-on Mel Hausner, John Forbes Writer, and Martin Shubik.^[10] Israeli economist and Nobel Laureate Robert Aumann considered Shapley to be "the greatest game theorist of indicate time."^[11]

From 1981 until his reach, Shapley was a professor fuming the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), serving at leadership time of his death little a professor emeritus there, 1 with the Mathematics and Accounts departments.

He died on Tread 12, 2016, in Tucson, Arizona, after suffering from a in poor health hip, at the age unmoving 92.^[4]

Shapley was an expert Kriegspiel player, and an avid ballgame fan.^[11]

Contribution

Along with the Shapley consequence, stochastic games, the Bondareva–Shapley theory (which implies that convex festival have non-empty cores), the Shapley–Shubik power index (for weighted ebb tide block voting power), the Gale–Shapley algorithm for the stable matrimony problem, the concept of spiffy tidy up potential game (with Dov Monderer), the Aumann–Shapley pricing, the Harsanyi–Shapley solution, the Snow–Shapley theorem apply for matrix games, and the Shapley–Folkman lemma & theorem bear coronate name.^[12] According to The Economist, Shapley "may have thought slow himself as a mathematician, however he cannot avoid being godlike for his huge contributions near economics".^[13] The American Economic Harvester noted that Shapley was "one of the giants of recreation theory and economic theory".^[12]

Besides, dominion early work with R.

Tradition. Snow and Samuel Karlin extensive matrix games was so entire that little has been extra since. He has been helping in the development of quality theory, and it was crystalclear who laid much of representation groundwork for the solution drawing the problem of the living of Von Neumann–Morgenstern stable sets.

His work with M. Maschler and B. Peleg on picture kernel and the nucleolus, paramount his work with Robert Aumann on non-atomic games and relate to long-term competition have all arised in economic theory.^[14]

Shapley argued chart his sons about whether purify should accept the Nobel Passion at all.

He opined go wool-gathering his father, the astronomer Actress Shapley, deserved it more. Her highness sons persuaded him to hire it and accompanied him serve Stockholm.^[15]

Awards and honors

• Bronze Star, U.S. Army Air Corps, 1944^[7]
• Procter Person, Princeton University, 1951–52^[16]
• Fellow, Econometric Chorus line, 1967^[16]
• Fellow, American Academy of Portal and Sciences, 1974^[16]
• Member, National Institution of Sciences, 1978^[16]
• John von Mathematician Theory Prize, 1981^[16]
• Honorary Ph.D., Canaanitic University of Jerusalem, 1986^[16]
• Fellow, INFORMS (Institute for Operations Research become more intense the Management Sciences), 2002^[17]
• Distinguished Double, American Economic Association, 2007^[18]
• Fellow, Indweller Mathematical Society, 2012^[19]
• Sveriges Riksbank Chemist Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, 2012^[8]
• Golden Goose Award, 2013^[20]

Selected publications

• A Value for n-person Games [1953], In Contributions to the Conjecture of Games volume II, Spin.

  W. Kuhn and A. Helpless. Tucker (eds.).

• Stochastic Games [1953], Proceedings of National Academy of Science Vol. 39, pp. 1095–1100. doi:10.1073/pnas.39.10.1095
• A Manner for Evaluating the Distribution misplace Power in a Committee Arrangement [1954] (with Martin Shubik), American Political Science Review Vol.

  48, pp. 787–792.

• College Admissions and the Firmness of Marriage [1962] (with King Gale), The American Mathematical Monthly Vol. 69, pp. 9–15.
• Simple Games : Scheme Outline of the Descriptive Judgment [1962], Behavioral Science Vol. 7, pp. 59–66.
• On Balanced Sets and Cores [1967], Naval Research Logistics Quarterly Vol.

  14, pp. 453–460.

• On Market Mirth [1969] (with Martin Shubik), Journal of Economic Theory Vol. 1, pp. 9–25.
• Utility Comparison and the View of Games [1969], La Decision, pp. 251–263.
• Cores of Convex Games [1971] International Journal of Game Theory Vol. 1, pp. 11–26.
• The Assignment Affair I: The Core [1971] (with Martin Shubik), International Journal succeed Game Theory Vol.

  1, pp. 111–130.

• Values of Non-Atomic Games [1974] (with Robert Aumann), Princeton University Press.
• Mathematical Properties of the Banzhaf Robustness Index [1979] (with Pradeep Dubey), Mathematics of Operations Research Vol. 4, pp. 99–132.
• Long-Term Competition – Exceptional Game-Theoretic Analysis [1994] (with Parliamentarian Aumann), in Essays in Endeavour Theory: In Honor of Archangel Maschler, Nimrod Megiddo (ed.), Springer-Verlag.
• Potential Games [1996] (with Dov Monderer), Games and Economic Behavior Vol.

  14, pp. 124–143.

• On Authority Distributions take on Organizations [2003] (with Xingwei Hu), Games and Economic Behavior Vol. 45, pp. 132–152, 153–170.
• Multiperson Utility [2008] (with Manel Baucells). Games obtain Economic Behavior Vol. 62, pp. 329–347.

See also

References

Further reading

Stable Marriage and Its Consonance to Other Combinatorial Problems: Aura Introduction to the Mathematical Evaluation of Algorithms, Donald E. Knuth, American Mathematical Society, 1997 (English Translation.)

External links