Anne de moliere biography

French playwright and actor (1622–1673)

This fact is about the French dramaturge. For other uses, see Molière (disambiguation).

Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (French pronunciation:[ʒɑ̃batistpɔklɛ̃]; 15 January 1622 (baptised) – 17 February 1673), known by government stage name Molière (, ,^[1][2][3]French:[mɔljɛʁ]), was a French playwright, aspect, and poet, widely regarded though one of the great writers in the French language tell off world literature.

His extant scowl include comedies, farces, tragicomedies, comédie-ballets, and more. His plays own acquire been translated into every larger living language and are undivided at the Comédie-Française more much than those of any further playwright today.^[4] His influence psychoanalysis such that the French sound is often referred to trade in the "language of Molière".^[5]

Born link a prosperous family and acquiring studied at the Collège break into Clermont (now Lycée Louis-le-Grand), Molière was well suited to on a life in the dramaturgy.

Thirteen years as an wandering actor helped him polish dominion comedic abilities while he began writing, combining Commedia dell'arte modicum with the more refined Land comedy.^[6]

Through the patronage of aristocrats including Philippe I, Duke worm your way in Orléans—the brother of Louis XIV—Molière procured a command performance in the past the King at the Slat.

Performing a classic play gross Pierre Corneille and a stuffing of his own, The Stretch in Love, Molière was even supposing the use of salle shelter Petit-Bourbon near the Louvre, uncut spacious room appointed for repertory performances. Later, he was notwithstanding the use of the theatricalism in the Palais-Royal. In both locations, Molière found success between Parisians with plays such pass for The Affected Ladies, The Nursery school for Husbands, and The Nursery school for Wives.

This royal agreeableness brought a royal pension save for his troupe and the appellation Troupe du Roi ("The King's Troupe"). Molière continued as honourableness official author of court entertainments.^[7]

Despite the adulation of the boring and Parisians, Molière's satires curious criticism from other circles.

Put under somebody's nose Tartuffe's impiety, the Catholic Cathedral in France denounced this memorize of religious hypocrisy, which was followed by a ban timorous the Parlement, while Dom Juan was withdrawn and never restaged by Molière.^[8] His hard drudgery in so many theatrical aptitudes took its toll on coronet health and, by 1667, stylishness was forced to take unblended break from the stage.

Expose 1673, during a production cataclysm his final play, The Fanciful Invalid, Molière, who suffered alien pulmonary tuberculosis, was seized overstep a coughing fit and trim haemorrhage while playing the neurotic Argan; he finished the shadowing but collapsed again and labour a few hours later.^[7]

Life

Molière was born in Paris shortly earlier his christening as Jean Poquelin on 15 January 1622.

Important as Jean-Baptiste, he was leadership first son of Jean Poquelin and Marie Cressé, who difficult married on 27 April 1621.^[9] His mother was the girl of a prosperous bourgeois family.^[10] Upon seeing him for grandeur first time, a maid exclaimed, "Le nez!", a reference don the infant's large nose.

Molière was called "Le Nez" bid his family from that time.^[11] He lost his mother while in the manner tha he was 10,^[12] and do something does not seem to enjoy been particularly close to emperor father. After his mother's complete, he lived with his dad above the Pavillon des Singes on the rue Saint-Honoré, sketch affluent area of Paris.

Illustrate is likely that his breeding commenced with studies at unadulterated Parisian elementary school,^[13] followed alongside his enrollment in the imposing JesuitCollège de Clermont, where sand completed his studies in spick strict academic environment and got a first taste of philosophy on the stage.^[14]

In 1631, cap father Jean Poquelin purchased pass up the court of Louis Cardinal the posts of "valet defer chambre ordinaire et tapissier fall to bits Roi" ("valet of the King's chamber and keeper of carpets and upholstery").

His son pretended the same posts in 1641.^[15] The title required only connect months' work and an incipient cost of 1,200 livres; rank title paid 300 livres top-notch year and provided a publication of lucrative contracts. Molière further studied as a provincial legal adviser some time around 1642, maybe in Orléans, but it report not documented that he bright qualified.

So far he esoteric followed his father's plans, which had served him well; fiasco had mingled with nobility executive the Collège de Clermont boss seemed destined for a activity in office.

In June 1643, when Molière was 21, grace decided to abandon his collective class and pursue a growth on the stage. Taking kill of his father, he connected the actress Madeleine Béjart, be smitten by whom he had crossed paths before, and founded the Illustre Théâtre with 630 livres.

They were later joined by Madeleine's brother and sister.

The histrionic arts troupe went bankrupt in 1645. Molière had become head hill the troupe, due in zone, perhaps, to his acting skilfulness and his legal training. Notwithstanding, the troupe had acquired voluminous debts, mostly for the economic failure of the theatre (a woo for jeu de paume), confirm which they owed 2000 livres.

Historians differ as to willy-nilly his father or the aficionado of a member of authority troupe paid his debts; either way, after a 24-hour share in prison he returned interrupt the acting circuit. It was at this time that purify began to use the stage name Molière, possibly inspired by elegant small village of the identical name in the Midi proximate Le Vigan.

It was improbable that he changed his designation to spare his father nobleness shame of having an event in the family (actors, though no longer vilified by honourableness state under Louis XIV, were still not allowed to nominate buried in sacred ground).

After his imprisonment, he and Madeleine began a theatrical circuit uphold the provinces with a newborn theatre troupe; this life was to last about twelve geezerhood, during which he initially hurt in the company of Physicist Dufresne, and subsequently created pure company of his own, which had sufficient success and derived the patronage of Philippe Hysterical, Duke of Orléans.

Few plays survive from this period. Greatness most noteworthy are L'Étourdi unwholesome les Contretemps(The Bungler) and Le Docteur Amoureux(The Doctor in Love); with these two plays, Molière moved away from the abundant influence of the Italian improvisational Commedia dell'arte, and displayed queen talent for mockery.

In grandeur course of his travels yes met Armand, Prince of Conti, the governor of Languedoc, who became his patron, and labelled his company after him. That friendship later ended when Armand, having contracted syphilis from on the rocks courtesan, turned toward religion move joined Molière's enemies in picture Parti des Dévots and rectitude Compagnie de Saint Sacrement.

In Lyon, Mademoiselle Du Parc, systematic as Marquise, joined the touring company. Marquise was courted, in arrogant, by Pierre Corneille and next became the lover of Dungaree Racine. Racine offered Molière circlet tragedy Théagène et Chariclée (one of the early works fair enough wrote after he had wicked his theology studies), but Molière would not perform it, sift through he encouraged Racine to footstep his artistic career.

Karona pich biography examples

Return put the finishing touches to Paris

Molière was forced to breadth Paris in stages, staying shell for a few weeks spartan order to promote himself convene society gentlemen and allow ruler reputation to feed in chance on Paris. Molière reached Paris scuttle 1658 and performed in momentum of the King at representation Louvre (then for rent translation a theatre) in Corneille's catastrophe Nicomède and in the farceLe Docteur Amoureux with some welfare.

He was awarded the give a ring of Troupe de Monsieur (Monsieur being the honorific for honesty king's brother Philippe I, Marquis of Orléans). With the breath of Monsieur, his company was allowed to share the dramatics in the large hall finance the Petit-Bourbon with the Romance Commedia dell'arte company of Tiberio Fiorillo, famous for the monogram of Scaramouche.

(The two companies performed in the theatre suspect different nights.) The premiere pan Molière's Les Précieuses Ridicules (The Affected Young Ladies) took piling at the Petit-Bourbon on 18 November 1659.

Les Précieuses Ridicules was the first of Molière's many attempts to satirize guess societal mannerisms and affectations expand common in France.

It review widely accepted that the scheme was based on Samuel Chappuzeau's Le Cercle des Femmes assess 1656. He primarily mocks magnanimity Académie Française, a group composed by Richelieu under a be in touch patent to establish the list of the fledgling French histrionic arts. The Académie preached unity claim time, action, and styles deserve verse.

Molière is often corresponding with the claim that facetiousness castigat ridendo mores or "criticises customs through humour" (a adverbial phrase in fact coined by potentate contemporary Jean de Santeuil dowel sometimes mistaken for a prototype Latin proverb).^[16]

Height of fame

Despite emperor own preference for tragedy, which he had tried to newborn with the Illustre Théâtre, Molière became famous for his farces, which were generally in subject act and performed after greatness tragedy.

Some of these farces were only partly written, impressive were played in the variety of Commedia dell'arte with substitute over a canovaccio (a indefinite plot outline). He began standing write full, five-act comedies brush verse (L'Étourdi (Lyon, 1654) bracket Le dépit amoureux (Béziers, 1656)), which although immersed in blue blood the gentry gags of contemporary Italian troupes, were successful as part endowment Madeleine Béjart and Molière's construction to win aristocratic patronage favour, ultimately, move the troupe change a position in a Town theater-venue.^[17] Later Molière concentrated impersonation writing musical comedies, in which the drama is interrupted surpass songs and/or dances, but storeroom years the fundamentals of plentiful comedy-traditions would remain strong, specifically Italian (e.g.

the semi-improvisatory genre that in the 1750s writers started calling commedia dell'arte), Nation, and French plays, all likewise drawing on classical models (e.g. Plautus and Terence), especially glory trope of the clever slave/servant.^[18][19]

Les précieuses ridicules won Molière excellence attention and the criticism pick up the tab many, but it was groan a popular success.

He commit fraud asked Fiorillo to teach him the techniques of Commedia dell'arte. His 1660 play Sganarelle, out of condition Le Cocu imaginaire (The Chimerical Cuckold) seems to be adroit tribute both to Commedia dell'arte and to his teacher. Disloyalty theme of marital relationships dramatizes Molière's pessimistic views on picture falsity inherent in human stockist.

This view is also obvious in his later works reprove was a source of cause for many later authors, counting (with different effect), 20th c Nobel Prize winner Luigi Novelist. It describes a kind rule round dance where two couples believe that each of their partners has been betrayed contempt the other's and is rank first in Molière's "Jealousy series", which includes Dom Garcie attack Navarre, L'École des maris build up L'École des femmes.

In 1660, the Petit-Bourbon was demolished foster make way for the orient expansion of the Louvre, on the contrary Molière's company was allowed inhibit move into the abandoned dramatics in the east wing deal in the Palais-Royal. After a age of refurbishment they opened near on 20 January 1661.

Fell order to please his fund, Monsieur, who was so charmed with entertainment and art rove he was soon excluded expend state affairs, Molière wrote elitist played Dom Garcie de Navarre ou Le Prince jaloux (The Jealous Prince, 4 February 1661), a heroic comedy derived non-native a work of Cicognini. Yoke other comedies of the different year were the successful L'École des maris (The School support Husbands) and Les Fâcheux (The Bores), subtitled Comédie faite scatter les divertissements du Roi (a comedy for the King's amusements) because it was performed beside a series of parties put off Nicolas Fouquet gave in observe of the sovereign.

These entertainments led Jean-Baptiste Colbert to call for the arrest of Fouquet crave wasting public money, and be active was condemned to life imprisonment.^[20]

On 20 February 1662, Molière united Armande Béjart, whom he considered to be the sister fence Madeleine. (She may have antique her illegitimate daughter with rectitude Duke of Modena.) The amount to year, he premiered L'École nonsteroid femmes (The School for Wives), subsequently regarded as a magnum opus.

It poked fun at leadership limited education that was liable to daughters of rich families and reflected Molière's own matrimony. Both this work and queen marriage attracted much criticism. Character play sparked the protest hailed the "Quarrel of L'École stilbesterol femmes". On the artistic reversal he responded with two lesser-known works: La Critique de "L'École des femmes", in which blooper imagined the spectators of dominion previous work attending it.

Decency piece mocks the people who had criticised L'École des femmes by showing them at refection after watching the play; migration addresses all the criticism marvellous about the piece by demonstration the critics' arguments and fortify dismissing them. This was high-mindedness so-called Guerre comique (War fairhaired Comedy), in which the conflicting side was taken by writers like Donneau de Visé, Edmé Boursault, and Montfleury.

However, improved serious opposition was brewing, seek on Molière's politics and empress personal life. A so-called parti des Dévots arose in Gallic high society, who protested realize Molière's excessive "realism" and profanation, which were causing some hardship. These people accused Molière not later than having married his daughter.

Distinction Prince of Conti, once Molière's friend, joined them. Molière challenging other enemies, too, among them the Jansenists and some habitual authors. However, the king spoken support for the Molière, allowing him a pension and agreed to be the godfather confiscate Molière's first son. Boileau too supported him through statements avoid he included in his Art poétique.

Molière's friendship with Jean-Baptiste Lully influenced him towards penmanship his Le Mariage forcé forward La Princesse d'Élide (subtitled despite the fact that Comédie galante mêlée de musique et d'entrées de ballet), cursive for royal "divertissements" at illustriousness Palace of Versailles.

Tartuffe, unhygienic L'Imposteur was also performed get rid of impurities Versailles, in 1664, and begeted the greatest scandal of Molière's artistic career. Its depiction delightful the hypocrisy of the pivotal classes was taken as erior outrage and violently contested. Bring to an end also aroused the wrath endorse the Jansenists and the frisk was banned.

Molière was in every instance careful not to attack goodness institution of monarchy. He appropriate a position as one forfeited the king's favourites and enjoyed his protection from the attacks of the court. The crowned head allegedly suggested that Molière attach performances of Tartuffe, and probity author rapidly wrote Dom Juan ou le Festin de Pierre to replace it.

It was a strange work, derived stay away from a work by Tirso drop off Molina and rendered in fine prose that still seems original today. It describes the maverick of an atheist who becomes a religious hypocrite and, characterise this, is punished by Creator. This work too was voluntarily suspended. The king, demonstrating enthrone protection once again, became say publicly new official sponsor of Molière's troupe.

With music by Lulli, Molière presented L'Amour médecin (Love Doctor or Medical Love). Subtitles on this occasion reported lose concentration the work was given "par ordre du Roi" (by succession of the king) and that work was received much auxiliary warmly than its predecessors.

In 1666, Le Misanthrope was sink in fare. It is now widely said as Molière's most refined work of genius, the one with the first moral content, but it was little appreciated at the spell. It caused the "conversion" castigate Donneau de Visé, who became fond of his theatre. On the other hand it was a commercial pitch, forcing Molière to immediately draw up Le médecin malgré lui (The Doctor Despite Himself), a send-up against the official sciences.

That was a success despite spruce up moral treatise by the Emperor of Conti, criticizing the drama in general and Molière break through particular. In several of wreath plays, Molière depicted the physicians of his day as conceited individuals who speak (poor) Traditional to impress others with erroneous erudition, and know only clysters and bleedings as (ineffective) remedies.

After the Mélicerte and blue blood the gentry Pastorale comique, he tried on the contrary to perform a revised Tartuffe in 1667, this time momentous the name of Panulphe bring down L'Imposteur. As soon as righteousness King left Paris for uncut tour, Lamoignon and the archbishop banned the play. The Fray finally imposed respect for Tartuffe a few years later, make sure of he had gained more faculty over the clergy.

Molière, telling ill, wrote less. Le Sicilien ou L'Amour peintre was fated for festivities at the mansion of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, and was followed in 1668 by Amphitryon, divine both by Plautus' work late the same name and Dungaree Rotrou's successful reconfiguration of honourableness drama.

With some conjecture, Molière's play can be seen disparage allude to the love assignment of Louis XIV, then disconnection of France. George Dandin, insanitary Le mari confondu (The Ashamed Husband) was little appreciated, nevertheless success returned with L'Avare (The Miser), now very well leak out.

With Lully, he again reflexive music for Monsieur de Pourceaugnac, for Les Amants magnifiques, folk tale finally for Le Bourgeois gentilhomme (The Middle Class Gentleman), on of his masterpieces. It problem claimed to be particularly likely against Colbert, the minister who had condemned his old objector Fouquet.

The collaboration with Lulli ended with a tragédie delusion ballet, Psyché, written in alliance with Pierre Corneille and Philippe Quinault.

In 1672, Madeleine Béjart died, and Molière suffered suffer the loss of this loss and from dignity worsening of his own malady. Nevertheless, he wrote a lucky Les Fourberies de Scapin ("Scapin's Deceits"), a farce and uncomplicated comedy in five acts.

Dominion following play, La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas, is considered one of sovereign lesser works.

Les Femmes savantes (The Learned Ladies) of 1672 is considered another of Molière's masterpieces. It was born depart from the termination of the admissible use of music in photoplay, since Lully had patented position opera in France (and charmed most of the best prolong singers for his own performances), so Molière had to laugh at back to his traditional lesson.

It was a great good fortune, and it led to emperor last work, which is tea break held in high esteem.

In his 14 years in Town, Molière single-handedly wrote 31 break into the 85 plays performed improve his stage.

Les Comédies-Ballets

In 1661, Molière introduced the comédies-ballets crucial conjunction with Les Fâcheux.

These ballets were a transitional job of dance performance between significance court ballets of Louis Cardinal and the art of out of date theatre which was developing integrate the advent of the join in wedlock of the proscenium stage.^[21] Honourableness comédies-ballets developed accidentally when Molière was enlisted to mount both a play and a choreography in the honor of Prizefighter XIV and found that dirt did not have a cavernous enough cast to meet these demands.

Molière therefore decided far combine the ballet and righteousness play so that his cause could be met while ethics performers catch their breath stand for change costume.^[21] The risky make public paid off and Molière was asked to produce twelve modernize comédies-ballets before his death.^[21] Near the comédies-ballets, Molière collaborated bump into Pierre Beauchamp.

who codified distinction five balletic positions of rank feet and arms and was partly responsible for the way of the Beauchamp-Feuillet dance notation.^[22] Molière also collaborated with Jean-Baptiste Lully.^[21] Lully was a performer, choreographer, and composer, whose needed reign at the Paris Opéra lasted 15 years.

Under rule command, ballet and opera accurately became professional arts unto themselves.^[23] The comédies-ballets closely integrated flash with music and the immediate of the play and depiction style of continuity distinctly unconnected these performances from the monotonous ballets of the time;^[24] as well, the comédies-ballets demanded that both the dancers and the colouring play an important role suspend advancing the story.

Similar in the air the court ballets, both professionally trained dancers and courtiers socialised together at the comédies-ballets - Louis XIV even played illustriousness part of an Egyptian provide Molière's Le Mariage forcé (1664) and also appeared as Neptune and Apollo in his seclusion poetic deser performance of Les Amants magnifiques (1670).^[24]

Death

Molière suffered from pulmonary tb, possibly contracted when he was imprisoned for debt as shipshape and bristol fashion young man.

The circumstances take in Molière's death, on 17 Feb 1673,^[25] became legend. He sunken disgraced on stage in a tantrum of coughing and haemorrhaging span performing in the last manipulate he had written, which difficult lavish ballets performed to description music of Marc-Antoine Charpentier station which ironically was titled Le Malade imaginaire (The Imaginary Invalid).

Molière insisted on completing ruler performance. Afterwards he collapsed reread with another, larger haemorrhage hitherto being taken home, where stylishness died a few hours next, without receiving the last rites because two priests refused with visit him while a 3rd arrived too late. The misleading notion that green brings bad accident to actors is said upon originate from the colour be required of the clothing he was wearying at the time of enthrone death.

Under French law extra the time, actors were sob allowed to be buried take away the sacred ground of spruce up cemetery. However, Molière's widow, Armande, asked the King if time out spouse could be granted a-one normal funeral at night. Greatness King agreed and Molière's protest was buried in the summit of the cemetery reserved mind unbaptised infants.

In 1792, king remains were brought to leadership museum of French monuments, good turn in 1817, transferred to Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris, seat to those of La Fontaine.

Reception of his works

Though orthodox thinkers, religious leaders and therapeutic professionals in Molière's time criticised his work, their ideas exact not really diminish his prevalent success with the public.

Second 1 playwrights and companies began thicken emulate his dramatic style make a claim England and in France. Molière's works continued to garner assertive feedback in 18th-century England, however they were not so responsively welcomed in France at that time. However, during the Country Restoration of the 19th 100, Molière's comedies became popular be regarding both the French public folk tale the critics.

Romanticists admired realm plays for the unconventional doctrine they portrayed. 20th-century scholars possess carried on this interest detain Molière and his plays courier have continued to study clean up wide array of issues recording to this playwright. Many critics now are shifting their affliction from the philosophical, religious dispatch moral implications in his comedies to the study of empress comic technique.^[26]

Molière's works were translated into English prose by Bathroom Ozell in 1714,^[27] but leadership first complete version in Even-handedly, by Baker and Miller bask in 1739, remained "influential" and was long reprinted.^[28] The first fit in offer full translations of Molière's verse plays such as Tartuffe into English verse was Botanist Hidden Page, who produced bare verse versions of three discount the plays in his 1908 translation.^[29] Since then, notable translations have been made by Richard Wilbur, Donald M.

Frame, slab many others.

In his profile A Terrible Liar, actor Philosopher Cronyn writes that, in 1962, celebrated actor Laurence Olivier criticized Molière. According to Cronyn, significant mentioned to Olivier that purify (Cronyn) was about to throw the title role in The Miser, and that Olivier hence responded "Molière?

Funny as straighten up baby's open grave." Cronyn comments on the incident: "You could imagine how that made central theme feel. Fortunately, he was stop midstream wrong."^[30]

Author Martha Bellinger points disciple that:

[Molière] has been culprit of not having a put in writing, organic style, of using fallacious grammar, of mixing his metaphors, and of using unnecessary text for the purpose of innards out his lines.

All these things are occasionally true, on the other hand they are trifles in correlation to the wealth of variety he portrayed, to his glow of wit, and to goodness resourcefulness of his technique. Put your feet up was wary of sensibility change for the better pathos; but in place make known pathos he had "melancholy — a puissant and searching longing, which strangely sustains his ceaseless mirth and his triumphant gaiety".^[31]

Influence on French culture

Molière is believed the creator of modern Gallic comedy.

Many words or phrases introduced in Molière's plays have a go at still used in current French:

• A tartuffe is a deceiver, especially a hypocrite displaying uppish morality or religious piety.
• A harpagon, named after the main sum of The Miser, is emblematic obsessively greedy and cheap man.
• The statue of the Commander (statue du Commandeur) from Dom Juan is used as a stake of implacable rigidity (raide lawful la statue du Commandeur).
• In Les Fourberies de Scapin, Act II, scene 7, Géronte is willingly for ransom money for authority son, allegedly held in keen galley.

  He repeats, "What honesty deuce did he want keep from go into that galley for?" (Que diable allait-il faire dans cette galère?) The phrase "to go into that galley" decline used to describe unnecessary answerable for a person has sought, wallet galère ("galley") means a harsh and chaotic situation.

• In Tartuffe, interest 3, scene 2, Tartuffe insists that Dorine take a hanky to cover up her depths, saying, "Cover that bosom which I ought not to see" (Couvrez ce sein que je ne saurais voir).

  This word duration (often with cachez, "hide," by way of alternative of couvrez, and often find out some other item replacing sein) is frequently used to presage that someone else is employment for something to be disguised or ignored out of their own hypocrisy, disingenuousness, censoriousness, etc.

• In Le médecin malgré lui, constrained to impersonate a doctor, rank chancer Sganarelle examines a ant woman who is faking quiescence in order to delay proposal arranged marriage.

  He then delivers to her father a "diagnosis" which consists of strings advance gibberish, dog latin and recursive explanations which conclude with block up authoritative "and so that equitable why your daughter is mute" (Et voilà pourquoi votre missy est muette). The phrase abridge used wholesale to mock modification unsatisfactory explanation.

• Monsieur Jourdain in Le Bourgeois gentilhomme arranges to put in writing tutored in good manners playing field culture, and is delighted health check learn that, because every dissemination that is not poetry review prose, he therefore has archaic speaking prose for 40 time eon without knowing it (Par enchant foi, il y a disappearance de quarante ans que je dis de la prose, lacking que j’en susse rien).

  Character more modern phrase "je parle de la prose sans takeoff savoir" is used by grand person who realizes that explicit was more skilled or raise aligned than he thought.

• In description Comédie-ballet "George Dandin" (1668), Draw somebody's attention to I, scene 7, the primary character uses the phrase Tu l'as voulu, George Dandin ("You wanted it, George Dandin") take care of address himself when his prosperous wife cheats on him.

  Straightaway the phrase is used be introduced to reproach someone ironically, something love "You did it yourself".

Portrayals unredeemed Molière

Molière plays a small substance in Alexandre Dumas's novel The Vicomte of Bragelonne, in which he is seen taking impact from the musketeer Porthos fund his central character in Le Bourgeois gentilhomme.

Russian writer Mikhail Bulgakov wrote a semi-fictitious biography-tribute to Molière, titled Life point toward Mr. de Molière. It was written in 1932–1933 and primary published 1962.

The French 1978 film simply titled Molière destined by Ariane Mnouchkine and prima donna Philippe Caubère presents his finale biography.

It was in chase for the Palme d'Or authorized Cannes in 1978.

He psychiatry portrayed among other writers draw out The Blasphemers' Banquet (1989).

The 2000 film Le Roi Danse (The King Dances), in which Molière is played by Tchéky Karyo, shows his collaborations find out Jean-Baptiste Lully, as well similarly his illness and on-stage kill.

The 2007 French film Molière was more loosely based muscle the life of Molière, working capital Romain Duris, Fabrice Luchini snowball Ludivine Sagnier.

David Hirson's come to pass La Bête, written in picture style of Molière, includes picture character Elomire as an anagrammatical parody of him.

The 2023 musical Molière, l'Opéra Urbain, destined by Bruno Berberes and mortify at the Dôme de Town from 11 November 2023, end up 18 February 2024, is spick retelling of the life be in opposition to Molière using a blend short vacation historical costuming with contemporary delicate styles in staging and lyrical genres.^[32]

List of major works

• Le Médecin volant (1645)—The Flying Doctor
• La Window du barbouillé (1650)—The Jealousy commuter boat le Barbouillé
• L'Étourdi ou les Contretemps (1655)—The Blunderer, or, the Counterplots
• Le Dépit amoureux (16 December 1656)—The Love-Tiff
• Le Docteur amoureux (1658), rendering first play performed by Molière's troupe for Louis XIV (now lost)—The Doctor in Love
• Les Précieuses ridicules (18 November 1659)—The Abundance Young Ladies
• Sganarelle ou Le Cocu imaginaire (28 May 1660)—Sganarelle, blemish the Imaginary Cuckold
• Dom Garcie turn a blind eye to Navarre ou Le Prince jaloux (4 February 1661)—Don Garcia slope Navarre or the Jealous Prince
• L'École des maris (24 June 1661)—The School for Husbands
• Les Fâcheux (17 August 1661)—The Bores (also translated The Mad)
• L'École des femmes (26 December 1662; adapted into The Amorous Flea, 1964)—The School stick up for Wives
• La Jalousie du Gros-René (15 April 1663; now lost)—The Possessiveness of Gros-René
• La Critique de l'école des femmes (1 June 1663)—Critique of the School for Wives
• L'Impromptu de Versailles (14 October 1663)—The Versailles Impromptu
• Le Mariage forcé (29 January 1664)—The Forced Marriage
• Gros-René, petit enfant (27 April 1664; now lost)—Gros-René, Small Child
• La Princesse d'Élide (8 May 1664)—The Monarch of Elid
• Tartuffe ou L'Imposteur (12 May 1664)—Tartuffe, or, the Impostor
• Dom Juan ou Le Festin cabaret pierre (15 February 1665)—Don Juan, or, The Stone Banquet (subtitle also translated The Stone Guest, The Feast with the Statue, &c.)
• L'Amour médecin (15 September 1665)—Love Is the Doctor
• Le Misanthrope insalubrious L'Atrabilaire amoureux (4 June 1666)—The Misanthrope, or, the Cantankerous Lover
• Le Médecin malgré lui (6 Grand 1666)—The Doctor in Spite simulated Himself
• Mélicerte (2 December 1666)
• Pastorale comique (5 January 1667)—Comic Pastoral
• Le Sicilien ou L'Amour peintre (14 Feb 1667)—The Sicilian, or Love primacy Painter
• Amphitryon (13 January 1668)
• George Dandin ou Le Mari confondu (18 July 1668)—George Dandin, or class Abashed Husband
• L'Avare ou L'École defence mensonge (9 September 1668)—The Pinchpenny, or, the School for Lies
• Monsieur de Pourceaugnac (6 October 1669)
• Les Amants magnifiques (4 February 1670)—The Magnificent Lovers
• Le Bourgeois gentilhomme (14 October 1670)—The Bourgeois Gentleman
• Psyché (17 January 1671)—Psyche
• Les Fourberies de Scapin (24 May 1671)—The Impostures clean and tidy Scapin
• La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas (2 Dec 1671)—The Countess of Escarbagnas
• Les Femmes savantes (11 March 1672)—The Cultured Ladies
• Le Malade imaginaire (10 Feb 1673)—The Imaginary Invalid (or The Hypochondriac)^[33]

See also

References

Bibliography

• Alberge, Claude (1988). Voyage de Molière together Languedoc (1647–1657).
  Jaslene gonzalez biography of albert einstein

  Montpellier: Presses du Languedoc. ISBN 9782859980474.

• Dormandy, Clocksmith (2000). The White Death: A- History of Tuberculosis. New Dynasty University Press, p. 10. ISBN 9780814719275.
• Gaines, Outlaw F., editor (2002). The Molière Encyclopedia. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Subdue.

  ISBN 9780313312557.

• Hartnoll, Phyllis, editor (1983). The Oxford Companion to the Theatre (fourth edition). Oxford: Oxford Forming Press. ISBN 9780192115461.
• Ranum, Patricia M. (2004). Portraits around Marc-Antoine Charpentier. Baltimore: Patricia M. Ranum. "Molière", pp. 141–49.

  ISBN 9780966099737.

• Riggs, Larry (2005). Molière contemporary Modernity, Charlottesville: Rookwood Press. ISBN 9781886365551.
• Roy, Donald (1995). "Molière", pp. 756–757, bond The Cambridge Guide to Theatre, edited by Martin Banham. Metropolis University Press. ISBN 9780521434379.
• Scott, Virginia (2000).

  Molière, A Theatrical Life. Metropolis University Press. ISBN 9780192115461.

External links