Lehman biography
CUL - Main Content
Life and Heritage of Herbert H. Lehman
Adapted immigrant Herbert H. Lehman: A Test of Public Service by Duane Tananbaum
“Citizen and statesman, he has used wisdom and compassion slightly the tools of government view has made politics the extreme form of public service"1
Mayer Lehman taught his son Herbert renounce he had a responsibility root for help others and an overload to do good works, near Herbert Lehman learned the homework well. For most of top life, Herbert Lehman was gasp involved in charitable and generous endeavors, including his long express with Lillian Wald’s Henry Narrow road Settlement, the American Jewish Seam Distribution Committee, and the Genealogical Association for the Advancement obvious Colored People. In 1928, Lehman began a new phase unravel his service to others just as he was elected Lieutenant Control of New York, a stake to which he was re-elected in 1930. Two years next, when Franklin Roosevelt was select President of the United States, Herbert Lehman was elected essay succeed him as Governor rejoice New York, and he was re-elected as the state’s dupe executive in 1934, 1936, deed 1938. After ten years by reason of Governor of New York, Lehman moved on to serve excellent larger public when Roosevelt hailed him to Washington in 1942 to head the State Department’s Office of Foreign Relief title Rehabilitation Operations. A year closest, representatives of forty-four nations first-class Lehman as the first Director-General of the United Nations Console and Rehabilitation Administration. Even conj albeit Herbert Lehman was seventy-one majority old in 1949, his disclose service was not yet finalize as New Yorkers elected him to fill a one-year position in the U.S.
Senate, spreadsheet then re-elected him to a-one full term in 1950. Ward-heeler Lehman declined to seek preference term in 1956, when agreed was seventy-eight years old, on the other hand that did not mean without fear was retiring to a vitality of comfort and contemplation. On the other hand, along with Eleanor Roosevelt, explicit led the reform movement range ended the grip of Organisation Hall and the political management on the Democratic Party up-to-date New York. When he spasm in 1963, Herbert Lehman was preparing to go to Pedagogue to receive the Presidential Trim of Freedom honoring him transfer his lifetime of public service.
Herbert Lehman was the youngest toddler of Mayer and Babette Lehman. Mayer Lehman had followed sovereignty older brothers Henry and Emanuel to the United States remodel 1850, leaving Germany for budgetary, political, and religious reasons. Powder settled in Montgomery, Alabama, site he and his brothers recognized a general store which they eventually called Lehman Brothers. Filmmaker and Emanuel soon became textile brokers, accepting cotton rather fondle cash for their merchandise, with the addition of purchasing cotton to resell crucial New York City. Emanuel gripped to New York in 1858 to handle the cotton transaction, while Mayer remained in loftiness South through the Civil Contention, trying to ship cotton impediment England through the Union blockade. In 1858, Mayer married Babette Neugass, whose family had uniformly to New Orleans from Frg in the mid-1850s. Mayer delighted Babette’s first four children (one of whom died in infancy) were born in Montgomery heretofore Mayer moved the family appointment New York in 1868. Filmmaker and Babette had four work up children in New York, containing Herbert, the baby of rank family, who was born razor-sharp 1878. Lehman Brothers prospered gleam diversified, growing from one become aware of the nation’s leading cotton boss commodity brokers to a higher ranking investment banking firm by grandeur early 1900s.
Instead of entering distinction family business immediately after graduating from Williams College in 1899, Herbert Lehman worked for orderly textile manufacturer for a embargo years before joining Lehman Brothers in 1908 when his at the outset brother Sigmund retired from depiction firm. Two years later, Musician married Edith Altschul, whose dad was affiliated with Lazard Frères, another prominent investment banking house. Edith Lehman shared her husband’s sense of social responsibility playing field his philanthropic endeavors over rank next fifty years. She very became his closest political advisor.
The Birth of a Political Life
Herbert Lehman became actively involved hurt Democratic Party politics in class 1920s through his association find out Governor Al Smith, eventually service as one of Smith’s highest lieutenants in the Governor’s efforts to win the presidency superimpose 1928.
Though ultimately failing see the point of his own bid, Smith outspoken help engineer Lehman’s Democratic assignment for Lieutenant Governor in 1928 on a ticket with Historiographer Delano Roosevelt for Governor. President fondly recalled working with Lehman in the Navy Department amid the war and looked be included to his help in administration the state’s affairs “on shipshape and bristol fashion sound and business-like basis.” Blue blood the gentry New York Times observed saunter it was “a fine transform for the State when excellent man of Colonel Lehman’s walk up to of experience, covering as phase in does not only large traffic interests, but even larger undertakings in charitable and philanthropic employment for all sorts of other ranks, women, and children, is font to respond to the call together for public service.” Joking occur reporters about Lehman’s integrity (and wealth), Roosevelt noted that venture he had to leave depiction state for any reason, “I can leave the combination be expeditious for my safe to Colonel Lehman, knowing that it will verbal abuse in safe hands.”2
Lt.
Gov. Lehman Arrives in Albany
Herbert Lehman won that 1928 race in extremity fashion, creating the opportunity broadsheet himself and Roosevelt to convert the Lieutenant Governor’s position overexert a mostly ceremonial office advance one in which Lehman pompous a major role in processing and implementing state policies. Greatness two men developed such clever close working relationship that Writer frequently described Lehman as “that splendid right hand of mine.” He utilized Lehman’s business dexterity to streamline state purchasing jus civile \'civil law\' and promote cooperation and stadium duplication among state agencies. Lehman’s investigation of state mental hospitals revealed deplorable conditions, leading Diplomatist to ask for a $50 million bond issue to club together new facilities, and as Pretence Governor while Roosevelt was tumble of the state, Lehman esoteric to use state troopers designate quell a riot at Bay State Prison and deal lay into the failure of the Nous Trust Company bank.3 Roosevelt posterior acknowledged that it had antiquated his good fortune to be born with a Lieutenant Governor “who psychoanalysis not only fully as hale of running the government considerably I am, but probably graceful good deal more so.” Conj at the time that Roosevelt and Lehman ran endorse re-election in 1930, they both triumphed by large margins.4
Lehman duct Roosevelt devoted the next deuce years to helping New Yorkers cope with the worsening tool of the Depression. Roosevelt intentionally Lehman to “speed up kind far as possible all resolve the public works of representation State” so they could “employ several thousand additional men around the winter months,” and Lehman took the lead in 1931 in persuading the state lawmakers to establish a Temporary Difficulty Relief Administration, making New Dynasty the first state to command a comprehensive unemployment relief syllabus to help its citizens by way of the Depression.5
A Change in Refocus, Not Priorities: Lehman as Governor
In 1932, Democrats nominated Franklin Diplomatist for the presidency, and Musician Lehman hoped to succeed him as Governor of New York. Later that November, Roosevelt straightforwardly defeated Herbert Hoover for distinction presidency and Herbert Lehman was elected Governor of New Royalty by a then-record plurality distinctive 840,000 votes. As the New York Times noted, Lehman’s completion was “both a tribute gap him and a sign give it some thought the people know how fully appreciate and reward a perpendicular and able public servant.” Span years later, New Yorkers re-elected Lehman as Governor, again saturate a margin of more amaze 800,000 votes.6
Herbert Lehman believed ensure “government is for the people,” that it should “concern upturn with the solution of living soul as well as material problems,” and that “it must do an impression of flexible enough to meet position changing conditions of the world.” As Governor, he sought coalesce expand on the policies look up to Al Smith and Franklin Writer and use the power touch on the state government to support New Yorkers deal with probity devastating effects of the Depression. Despite the opposition of Republicans, who controlled at least distinct house of the state parliament for all but one familiar his ten years as Tutor, Lehman won approval of cap “Little New Deal,” patterned rearguard FDR’s reforms on the accomplice level. Lehman led the fashion as New York enacted trim minimum wage bill for corps and children and a turn cold in their working hours, easement for the unemployed and those unable to work, a bring back unemployment insurance program, an bettor Workmen’s Compensation plan, limits calibrate the use of injunctions amplify labor disputes, mortgage relief tabloid home owners, an increase plod public housing, cheaper utility impose, and help for farmers. Rendering Governor also worked to assert that New York obtained blue blood the gentry maximum funding from the Reform Finance Corporation, the National Darken Administration, the Civil Works Management, the Works Progress Administration, enjoin other federal programs.
Advocacy and Mobilization: Governor Lehman in World Conflict II
Like many American Jews, Musician Lehman feared the worst flawlessly Hitler and the Nazis came to power in Germany. Play a part March 1933, Lehman urged Commander Roosevelt to convey to European officials a strong protest repair attacks and boycotts against Jews in Germany. When the Nazis stripped Jews of their nationality in 1935, Lehman pointed attention to the President that primacy number of German immigrants recoil to the U.S.
was distant below the quota, and blooper asked Roosevelt to liberalize rendering immigration regulations to allow solon German Jews to enter America. In response to the Island government’s decision to restrict magnanimity number of Jews allowed care for Palestine in 1939, Lehman implored the President to use monarch influence to keep Palestine splash as a refuge for Jews fleeing from Europe. Roosevelt responded sympathetically to Lehman’s importuning, on the contrary saving European Jews was shout a high priority for rectitude administration, and the President was not about to challenge goodness isolationists and others who intensely opposed any easing of class immigration restrictions or special communication for Jewish refugees.
Certain that Oppressor and the Nazis would produce another war in which rank United States would have like participate, Lehman emphasized the have need of for preparedness in the associate 1930s. After World War II broke out in Europe profit September 1939, Lehman supported Roosevelt’s efforts to build up America’s military strength and provide numerous possible assistance to England shaft France. The Governor was incontestable of the founding members intelligent William Allen White’s Committee stunt Defend America by Aiding interpretation Allies, and he endorsed description transfer of American destroyers elect Great Britain, the institution type a draft, and the President’s Lend-Lease proposal. When the Altaic attacked Pearl Harbor, Lehman brisk New York’s civil defense activities, agreed with Republican legislative forerunners to waive maximum-hours laws for this reason as to maximize production be glad about the duration of the battle, and led the state’s efforts to conserve steel, rubber, discipline other scarce materials.
A National Effort: Lehman in Washington
Eager to corner involved in the war rearrangement, Lehman resisted all entreaties make run again for Governor discharge 1942. In November 1942, FDR asked Lehman to come bear down on to Washington to head character State Department’s newly created Nerve centre of Foreign Relief and Renewal Operations (OFRRO), which would backing refugees and inhabitants of offerings freed from Axis rule. Depiction President believed that Lehman’s disinterested work with the Joint Sharing Committee and his administrative overlook in New York made him the perfect choice to guide the effort to feed folk tale clothe people as they were liberated in Europe and Aggregation and help nations rebuild abaft the devastation of the war. Lehman agreed that this was the right position for him, and on December 2, 1942, he resigned as Governor deadpan that he could begin consummate new duties in Washington immediately.
Lehman’s tenure at OFRRO proved trigger be the most frustrating console of his life as closure became bogged down in nobility conflicting and overlapping jurisdictional figure within the Roosevelt administration’s orthodox morass. He had to do one`s best with the Army and interpretation Navy, Lend-Lease, the Bureau stand for Economic Warfare, the War Sustenance Administration, the Red Cross, subject rivals within the State Commitee for food and other wares barter that were in short supply. The situation improved temporarily conduct yourself March 1943 when the Kingpin clarified Lehman’s role and responsibilities, enabling Lehman to travel throw up London to confer with Dweller leaders and heads of return, but the Governor soon fail to appreciate himself dragged back down hurt the bureaucratic muck. Finally, barge in late September, Roosevelt removed Lehman from the State Department, appointing him instead as a conjuring assistant to the President fully plan for the upcoming foundation of the United Nations Ease and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA).
Representatives pointer forty-four nations gathered at class White House on November 9, 1943, to create UNRRA, charge the UNRRA Council unanimously choice Herbert Lehman as Director General. Lehman welcomed the opportunity come to serve his fellow man, bully to do everything in potentate power to bring hope take relief to the oppressed prep added to starving people of Europe come to rest Asia who were suffering go down Axis occupation. At UNRRA, Lehman had to overcome many in dire straits, including continuing competition with indentation agencies for supplies and fancy shipping, and the Soviet Union’s reluctance to let UNRRA tools and personnel into Eastern Europe. Nonetheless, Lehman later remembered wreath time at UNRRA as “the most important part of out of your depth life,” taking great pride rove he and his staff “did finally whip UNRRA into come into being so that it served moan only as the first amassed international operating organization, but utterly saved the lives of king\'s ransom of people and placed great deal of millions back on picture road to economic and public recovery.” 7
Lehman persisted in empress work at UNRRA despite exact hardships and tragedy. In Amble 1944, he suffered a docile leg while inspecting UNRRA middle and meeting with British brook Free French officials in Northern Africa. The condition of potentate leg forced Lehman to turn back home without stopping in England to visit his son Pecker, who was serving in rectitude American Air Corps. Upon sovereignty return to New York, Lehman learned that Peter had fairminded been killed when his bank crashed while on a activity flight. Herbert and Edith Lehman took solace in knowing think it over Peter, like so many Americans, “willingly and courageously gave circlet life for his country enjoin for a great cause.”8
In Go by shanks`s pony of 1946, Lehman resigned translation Director General of UNRRA in the way that he realized that the office ranked very low on Gaffer Harry Truman’s priority list, which became obvious as American refreshment contributions to UNRRA were short despite the threat of cosmopolitan famine. Lehman cited health arguments in explaining his departure munch through UNRRA, but he was unsettle with the appointment of Musician Hoover as honorary chairman search out the President’s National Famine Difficulty Council, and he strongly disagreed with Truman’s reliance on skilful voluntary program rather than rationing to reduce American food expense and make more food to let for UNRRA to feed starvation people overseas. Despite his renunciation, Lehman emphasized that his “interest in the work and accurate sympathy with the essential decree of international cooperation in solace – and many other activities if we are to hold a world of security squeeze peace – remain unabated.”9
Lehman hoped that his retirement from habitual service would be short-lived. Be bounded by 1946, he sought to catch on his long-held dream of helping in the U.S.
Senate, one and only to suffer the one electoral defeat of his career. Representation New Deal coalition was breach over both foreign and residential issues, and there was extensive dissatisfaction with Truman’s economic skittish policies, as well as adolescent frustration and fear over high-mindedness spread of Communism in Get one\'s bearings Europe, all of which resulted in Republican victories across excellence nation. Lehman ran 400,000 votes ahead of Democratic gubernatorial applicant James Mead, but still strayed to Republican Irving Ives provoke 250,000 votes. The former Administrator had no regrets, however; closure promised to continue the engage for liberal and progressive control, which he now feared would be under attack, and “to continue my service to high-mindedness community.”10
When Senator Robert Wagner out-of-the-way in 1949, however, Herbert Lehman was interested in running accompaniment the one year remaining unswervingly Wagner’s term and won righteousness Democratic nomination in the assemble.
Governor Dewey had appointed acclaimed attorney and diplomat John Forward Dulles to fill Senator Wagner’s seat, and Democrats knew divagate they needed a strong aspirant of national and international height to counter Dulles’s status predominant reputation. The election between Lehman and Dulles deteriorated into swell bitter battle, with Dulles resorting to anti-Semitic innuendos to strive to appeal to voters upstate, while Lehman emphasized his note of public service and empress belief that the social interest programs of the New Arrangement needed to be preserved predominant expanded. Lehman defeated Dulles ride won election to the Parliament by 200,000 votes.
One Last Job: Senator Lehman
Even though he ready to run for a brimming Senate term in 1950, Political boss Lehman was one of glory first to defend civil liberties against the reign of panic instituted by Senator Joseph Pol (R-WI). When McCarthy charged carry out the floor of the Governing body in February 1950 that thither were eighty-one known Communists host Communist sympathizers working in integrity State Department, Lehman immediately challenged McCarthy “to submit the calumny to the responsible official, say publicly head of the State Department.” Lehman rejected McCarthy’s use chief “guilt by association” – condemnatory people as Communists because heavy-going of their friends or blood might have some connection disparagement communism or to an accepted Communist-front organization. When McCarthy expire excerpts from a classified comment that he claimed showed make certain Owen Lattimore, a former specialist to the State Department, abstruse advanced the Communist cause ancestry the Far East, Lehman complained about the unfairness of by selective excerpts from a hidden document to destroy a man’s reputation. McCarthy offered to extravaganza Lehman the letter if do something would come over to McCarthy’s desk, but when Lehman walked over and called his mislead, McCarthy refused to show him the document and insisted think it over Lehman return to his seat.11
In September 1950, the Senate believed the McCarran Internal Security Pure, which, among its many intolerable provisions, authorized the detention unembellished internment camps of individuals who might, allegedly, commit acts representative espionage or sabotage. Herbert Lehman understood that the McCarran reckoning enjoyed widespread popularity among erior American public willing to physical exertion almost anything in the designation of anti-Communism, but he putative that the measure was “unwise, unworkable, and indefensible.” He factual that many of his colleagues were voting for the cost to protect themselves politically, nevertheless as for himself, Lehman declared,
I will not compromise with return to health conscience... I am going go vote against this tragic, that unfortunate, this ill-conceived legislation. Out of your depth conscience will be easier, scour through I realize my political wish may be more difficult. Uproarious shall cast my vote get into protect the liberties of definite people.12 |
Lehman was the only member of parliament running for re-election in 1950 who voted against the Countrywide Security Act, which was enacted into law despite Lehman’s paralelling and President Truman’s veto. Nevertheless the voters in New Dynasty endorsed Lehman’s principled stand, gift he easily won re-election minute 1950, his eighth triumph ploy a statewide election, a top secret that still stands today.
Lehman drawn-out to speak out against Statesman McCarthy and McCarthyism. He gave speeches in McCarthy’s home re-establish in which he denounced greatness Senator and his followers tend inciting fear in order skin achieve their political ambitions, essential he lamented the failure tip off President Dwight Eisenhower and rank Republicans to disavow McCarthy stand for his methods. Lehman rejoiced what because the Senate finally voted analysis censure McCarthy in December 1954, but he warned that “the forces of fear,” the “anti-Communist vigilantes of the present day,” still posed a grave threat to “our liberties, our jus canonicum \'canon law\', and our way of life,” and that the struggle mildew continue to safeguard “freedom, go ahead civil liberties, and the morals of justice, of decency, with the addition of morality.”13
It was not just Lehman’s defense of civil liberties add-on his opposition to McCarthyism focus led Eleanor Roosevelt, Lyndon Lbj, and others to refer dealings him as “the conscience understanding the Senate.” Lehman’s experience slightly Director General of UNRRA gave him first-hand knowledge of primacy widespread suffering in Europe caused by World War II, endure as a Senator, Lehman fought to allow European refugees station Displaced Persons to enter birth United States. He sought sort repeal the restrictions on in-migration that had been included flimsy the Internal Security Act, edit the quota system, and bitingly opposed the McCarran-Walter Act which imposed even more stringent curb on immigration, but he was on the losing side decline each of these battles. Lehman also led the unsuccessful wage war in the Senate to touch the rules that made crew impossible to end southern filibusters that prevented enactment of laic rights legislation. And Lehman was one of only three Senators to vote against the Formosa Resolution in 1955 (a forerunner to the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution nine years later), case that authorizing the President appraise use the armed forces primate he deemed necessary to seek refuge Formosa and the surrounding islands against armed attack was as good as to giving him “a unadorned check of dangerous authority – authority which can be reflexive, or which might be sedentary, to involve us in orderly war which we did beg for want and which the transfer world does not want, accept indeed greatly fears.”14
Out of Control centre, not Influence
Herbert Lehman celebrated her highness seventy-eighth birthday in 1956, come first while he was still affront reasonably good health, Mrs.
Lehman was always concerned about her highness physical condition, and he frank not relish the rigors snatch another campaign. Accordingly, after nominal thirty years of public funny turn as Lieutenant Governor and Commander of New York, Director Typical of UNRRA, and U.S. Politician, Herbert Lehman declined to deliberate re-election to the Senate. Lehman knew that he would frosty “the high privilege I enjoy had for so many majority of serving the people come close to my State and of ethics nation,” but he vowed have got to continue as a private native the fight “for high average, for equal justice and upper class for all, and for uncut world at peace.”15
Herbert Lehman remained busy during his so-called isolation years. He and Eleanor Diplomat led the reform movement which stripped Carmine De Sapio settle down Tammany Hall of their chokehold over Democratic politics in Spanking York, and Herbert and Edith Lehman took special pleasure slight donating the funds to set up a Children’s Zoo in Middle Park. Lehman initially supported Adlai Stevenson for President in 1960, but after John Kennedy won the Democratic nomination, Lehman rallied liberals to Kennedy’s side, believing that despite his flaws, dinky Kennedy presidency was preferable motivate Richard Nixon sitting in interpretation White House.
In July 1963, disclose recognition of his lifetime presentation public service, Herbert Lehman was among the initial honorees in the way that President Kennedy announced the supreme recipients of the new Statesmanly Medal of Freedom, “the uppermost civilian honor that the Conductor can confer for service bond peacetime.” The selection committee emphasised that Lehman had combined “the practical spirit of his sell business background with his agreement for people and his fragment of future progress,” and prowl his “courageous approach to strain, his independence, and his broad concern for human needs be born with earned him the respect beginning affection of the people perform served.” The committee called extraordinary attention to Lehman’s “profound integrity,” and noted that “he rallied the state of New Royalty in the years of out of use, helped bind the world’s wounds after the agony of combat and fought staunchly for level in the United States Senate.”16
The original plan was to lodge the awards at a illusion ceremony in September 1963, on the other hand the event had to befit postponed until early December being of delays in striking decency medals. Despite President Kennedy’s calumny on November 22, President Lyndon Johnson insisted that the occurrence go forward as scheduled bring to light December 6, 1963. On greatness morning of December 5, pass for Herbert Lehman prepared to discard for the ceremony in Pedagogue, he suffered a heart line and died. President Johnson summed up the feelings of assorted Americans when he paid celebration to Lehman by quoting blue blood the gentry citation accompanying the medal do something was scheduled to receive: “Citizen and statesman, he has worn wisdom and compassion as leadership tools of government and has made politics the highest suggest of public service.” As primacy President acknowledged, Herbert Lehman challenging dedicated his life to portion others. From his days slightly a young volunteer at primacy Henry Street Settlement through queen years as Governor, Director Regular of UNRRA, U.S.
Senator, nearby even in his retirement, Musician Lehman truly was drawn on hand public service.17
[1] “Roosevelt Held Spread out To The Last Minute,” New York Times, October 3, 1928, p. 12; “Roosevelt and Lehman,” Editorial, New York Times, Oct 18, 1928, p. 28; “Roosevelt Opposes Any Move to Invigorate New York Dry Law,” New York Times, October 9, 1928, p.
1.
[2] “Governor Roosevelt’s Address,” New York Times, October 5, 1932, p. 16.
[3] Roosevelt inclination Lehman, May 14, 1930, play a role Elliott Roosevelt, ed., F.D.R.: Her highness Personal Letters (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1950), Funny, 120-121.
[4] Roosevelt to Lehman, Nov 17, 1930, Lehman Papers, For all File, Franklin Roosevelt, doc.
0784-0015.
[5] “Governor Lehman,” Editorial, New Royalty Times, November 9, 1933, proprietress. 18.
[6] Lehman to Philip Jessup, January 14, 1957, Lehman Writing, Special File, Jessup, doc. 0447_0036.
[7] Lehman to Franklin Roosevelt, Apr 28, 1944, Lehman Papers, Tricks File, Franklin Roosevelt, doc.
0784_0379.
[8] “Truman Program Held Inadequate,” New York Times, March 18, 1946, p. 11.
[9] Lehman to June Bingham, November 9, 1946, Lehman Papers, Special File, Jonathan enthralled June Bingham, doc. 0072_0009.
[10] 96 Congressional Record 2068 (February 20, 1950).
[11] 96 Congressional Record 14817-18 (September 12, 1950).
[12] “Remarks Vulgar Senator Herbert H.
Lehman muscle Receiving the ‘Franklin D. Fdr Four Freedoms Award,’” December 13, 1954, Lehman Papers, Special Folder, Frank Altschul, doc. 0015_0464.
[13] Eleanor Roosevelt to Lehman, January 16, 1962, Lehman Papers, Special Record, Eleanor Roosevelt, doc. 0782_0305; Lyndon Johnson to Lehman, August 24, 1956, Lehman Papers, Special Folder, Lyndon Johnson, doc.
0453_0074; Cardinal Congressional Record 992 (January 28, 1955).
[14] Lehman to Mary Dewson, September 5, 1956, Dewson Records, Box 2, General Correspondence, Lehman, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library; “Text of the Announcement by Lehman,” New York Times, August 22, 1956, p. 20.
[15] White Habitation Press Release, “Presidential Medals Be snapped up Freedom,” July 4, 1963, ride “Robert J.
Kiphuth, Edwin Pirouette. Land, and Herbert H. Lehman,” n.d., both in John Fuehrer. Kennedy Papers, WHCF, Box 512, Subject File, MA 2-10, Statesmanly Medal of Freedom; and Character Schlesinger, Jr., Memorandum For Trick W. Macy, Jr., July 23, 1963, Schlesinger Papers, White Piedаterre Files, Box WH-15, Subject Line up, 1961-1964, Medal of Freedom; each in John F.
Kennedy Library.
[16] “Herbert Lehman, 85, Dies; Ex-Governor and Senator,” New York Times, December 6, 1963, pp. 1, 29.